1. Nutrition and Optimum Health HEAL4002 Introduction to Health Knowledge Relates to Learning Outcomes 1 and 2   “Describe the concepts of health and wellness and holistic approaches to these concepts identifying health behaviours and factors influencing choice and change in health behaviour.”   “Identify the social, cultural, economic and cultural influences on health status, behaviour and development.” Course Descriptor Intro HK 4002 Sem 2 2011

2. Learning Outcomes 1. Define key terms. 2. Briefly review the structures, mechanisms, and processes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. 3. Identify and explain why each major nutrient is necessary for nutrition and give examples of dietary sources for each one. 4. List factors that affect dietary patterns/nutritional status. 5. Describe clinical signs of altered nutrition. 6. Describe manifestations of altered nutrition/assessment.

3. Key Terms digestion digestion absorption absorption metabolism metabolism excretion excretion BMI – body mass index BMI – body mass index carbohydrates carbohydrates proteins proteins vitamins vitamins minerals minerals anorexia anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa bariatric Dysphagia mastication fibre peristalsis segmentation

4. Digestive System

5. Swallowing and Choking

6. The Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract Organs Mouth – anus Accessory mouth tongue pharynx salivary glands oesophagus teeth stomach liver small intestine pancreas large intestine gallbladder

7. Digestive System - Functions  Digestion  Absorption  Metabolism  Excretion

8. Digestion “process by which the body breaks down foods and either absorbs them or excretes them” Donatelle, 2011 pg 258) Mechanical: (physical movement) Peristalsis Peristalsis Segmentation Segmentation Chemical Breakdown: Enzymes Enzymes Other secretions Other secretions http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=1&debug=0 http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=1&debug=0 http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=1&debug=0

9. Absorption Nutrients absorbed by: Passive diffusion Passive diffusion Osmosis Osmosis Active transport Active transport

10. Metabolism Catabolic processes Catabolic processes Anabolic processes Anabolic processes Carbohydrate metabolsim Carbohydrate metabolsim Fat metabolism Fat metabolism Protein metabolism Protein metabolism

11. Digestion and Absorption

12. Nutrition

13. Classification  Carbohydrates  Protein  Vitamins  Minerals  Fats  Water

14. Carbohydrates Simple Simple Complex Complex Main function – to provide energy Protein sparing action Protein sparing action

15. Proteins Complete: Complete: Incomplete Incomplete Complementary Complementary Main functions include: Growth, maintenance and repair of body tissues Forms muscles, skin and hair Maintains fluid balance, blood clotting Energy

16. Lipids (or fats) Component of all body cells Component of all body cells Ideally – about 20% of body weight Ideally – about 20% of body weight Functions include: - Insulation - Protection - Energy

17. Two Types of Lipids Saturated fats e.g. dairy products. Saturated fats e.g. dairy products. Not good for heart health. Unsaturated fats e.g. nuts, avocados, olives. Good for heart health. Unsaturated fats e.g. nuts, avocados, olives. Good for heart health.

18. Vitamins Fat soluble - Vitamin A - Vitamin D - Vitamin E - Vitamin K Water-soluble - B-complex vitamins - Vitamin C

19. Minerals Build body tissue Build body tissue Regulates metabolism Regulates metabolism - Calcium - Iron - Sodium - Potassium - Iodine - Fluoride

20. Water Necessary to maintain cell function Water constitutes 60% - 70% of total body weight Fluids = liquids, fresh fruit and vegetables

21. income income educational level educational level nutrition knowledge nutrition knowledge ability to read food labels ability to read food labels ability to access shops ability to access shops physical functional level physical functional level food allergies and intolerances food allergies and intolerances dentition dentition problems with chewing and swallowing problems with chewing and swallowing loss of partner or significant other loss of partner or significant other religious and dietary practices religious and dietary practices Factors affecting nutritional status

22. alcohol consumption alcohol consumption decreased liver function decreased liver function decreased renal function decreased renal function decreased GI function decreased GI function polypharmacy / chronic medications polypharmacy / chronic medications cancer and cancer treatment cancer and cancer treatment disease/pathological process disease/pathological process Factors affecting nutrient absorption

24. general appearance general appearance weight weight posture posture nervous system control nervous system control GI function GI function cardiovascular function cardiovascular function general vitality general vitality hair hair skin (general) skin (general) face and neck face and neck lips mouth, oral membranes gums tongue teeth eyes neck (glands) nails legs, feet skeleton Clinical signs of altered nutrition

25. Manifestations of Poor Nutrition overweight overweight obesity obesity underweight underweight recent significant weight gain or loss recent significant weight gain or loss decreased energy decreased energy altered bowel patterns altered bowel patterns altered skin, teeth, hair, and mucous membranes altered skin, teeth, hair, and mucous membranes impact on activities of daily living impact on activities of daily living

26. Crisp, J., & Taylor, C. (2009). Potter & Perry’s fundamentals of nursing. (3 rd ed.). Chatswood: Elsevier. Crisp, J., & Taylor, C. (2009). Potter & Perry’s fundamentals of nursing. (3 rd ed.). Chatswood: Elsevier. Donatelle, R. J. (2009). Health: The basics. (8 th ed.). San Fransisco: Pearson Education. Donatelle, R. J. (2009). Health: The basics. (8 th ed.). San Fransisco: Pearson Education. Harris, P., Nagy, S., & Vardaxis, N. (2006). Mosby’s dictionary of medicine, nursing & health professions. Marrickville: Elsevier. Harris, P., Nagy, S., & Vardaxis, N. (2006). Mosby’s dictionary of medicine, nursing & health professions. Marrickville: Elsevier. Marieb, E. (2004). Human anatomy & physiology. (6 th ed.). Pearson, Benjamin, Cummings: San Francisco. Marieb, E. (2004). Human anatomy & physiology. (6 th ed.). Pearson, Benjamin, Cummings: San Francisco. Thompson.(2002). Mosby’s clinical nursing. (5 th ed.). Mosby Inc. Retrieved March 1, 2010 from http://www.nursingconsult.com/das/book/89786589-2/view/1043/362.html/4-u1.0-B0-323-01195- 0..50030-5--cesec113_7800?sid=682608581&SEQNO=2&bookft=true&bookftset=1&bbSearchType=single. Thompson.(2002). Mosby’s clinical nursing. (5 th ed.). Mosby Inc. Retrieved March 1, 2010 from http://www.nursingconsult.com/das/book/89786589-2/view/1043/362.html/4-u1.0-B0-323-01195- 0..50030-5--cesec113_7800?sid=682608581&SEQNO=2&bookft=true&bookftset=1&bbSearchType=single. References