1. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 1 PEACE AND PROSPERITY (1945-1960) Section 1: Eisenhower ’ s Foreign Policy Section 2: A Prosperous Nation Section 3: A Changing Culture Section 4: The Early Civil Rights Movement Chapter 18

2. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 2 OBJECTIVES What role did nuclear weapons play in Eisenhower ’ s foreign policy? What role did nuclear weapons play in Eisenhower ’ s foreign policy? How did the United States fight communism abroad? How did the United States fight communism abroad? What Cold War crises took place during Eisenhower ’ s presidency? What Cold War crises took place during Eisenhower ’ s presidency? Section l: Eisenhower ’ s Foreign Policy

3. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 3 Nuclear Weapons and Eisenhower ’ s Foreign Policy In January 1950 the U.S. tested its first atomic bomb and a year later the Soviet Union tested its own hydrogen bomb. In January 1950 the U.S. tested its first atomic bomb and a year later the Soviet Union tested its own hydrogen bomb. Both countries were afraid to let the other side gain superiority in nuclear weapons and built more nuclear bombs. Both countries were afraid to let the other side gain superiority in nuclear weapons and built more nuclear bombs. In January 1958 the U.S. launched its first satellite. In January 1958 the U.S. launched its first satellite. Section l: Eisenhower ’ s Foreign Policy

4. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 4 Nuclear Weapons and Eisenhower ’ s Foreign Policy Later in 1958 Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to carry out research. Later in 1958 Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to carry out research. Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles create a “ New Look ” for U.S. foreign policy using massive retaliation – the threat of using nuclear weapons to stop communist aggression – and brinkmanship. Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles create a “ New Look ” for U.S. foreign policy using massive retaliation – the threat of using nuclear weapons to stop communist aggression – and brinkmanship. Section l: Eisenhower ’ s Foreign Policy (continued)

5. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 5 Fighting Communism Abroad Eisenhower used covert operations, or secret missions, to gain more foreign policy options carried out by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Eisenhower used covert operations, or secret missions, to gain more foreign policy options carried out by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). During the Eisenhower administration, the CIA ’ s size and influence increased greatly. During the Eisenhower administration, the CIA ’ s size and influence increased greatly. Section l: Eisenhower ’ s Foreign Policy

6. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 6 Cold War Crises During the Eisenhower Administration In 1953 British and U.S. leaders planned Operation Ajax to overthrow Iran ’ s premier Mohammad Mosaddeq. In 1953 British and U.S. leaders planned Operation Ajax to overthrow Iran ’ s premier Mohammad Mosaddeq. The CIA also became involved in the country of Guatemala to overthrow the president who had nationalized the American owned United Fruit Company. The CIA also became involved in the country of Guatemala to overthrow the president who had nationalized the American owned United Fruit Company. Section l: Eisenhower ’ s Foreign Policy

7. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 7 Cold War Crises During the Eisenhower Administration In 1953 Nikita Khrushchev became leader of the Soviet Union and in November 1956 he invaded Hungary to stop an uprising. The U.S. remained neutral and the Soviets crushed the revolt. In 1953 Nikita Khrushchev became leader of the Soviet Union and in November 1956 he invaded Hungary to stop an uprising. The U.S. remained neutral and the Soviets crushed the revolt. In 1955 the Suez Crisis occurred when Egyptian leader Gamel Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal which raised the possibility of a third world war. In 1955 the Suez Crisis occurred when Egyptian leader Gamel Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal which raised the possibility of a third world war. Section l: Eisenhower ’ s Foreign Policy (continued)

8. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 8 Cold War Crises During the Eisenhower Administration As a result, Eisenhower announced the Eisenhower Doctrine in January 1957. As a result, Eisenhower announced the Eisenhower Doctrine in January 1957. Eisenhower Doctrine – a promise by Eisenhower to give U.S. aid to any Middle Eastern nation fighting communist aggression Section l: Eisenhower ’ s Foreign Policy (continued)

9. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 9 OBJECTIVES How did economic prosperity increase under President Eisenhower? How did economic prosperity increase under President Eisenhower? In what ways did new inventions help change American society in the 1950 ’ s? In what ways did new inventions help change American society in the 1950 ’ s? What was life like in the suburbs during the 1950 ’ s? What was life like in the suburbs during the 1950 ’ s? Section 2: A Prosperous Nation

10. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 10 Economic Prosperity Under Eisenhower The economy boomed in the l950 ’ s and American industry was very strong. The economy boomed in the l950 ’ s and American industry was very strong. The federal government spent millions of dollars on Cold War defense creating new jobs. The federal government spent millions of dollars on Cold War defense creating new jobs. Personal income soared for most Americans and more than 60 percent were a part of the middle class. Personal income soared for most Americans and more than 60 percent were a part of the middle class. Section 2: A Prosperous Nation

11. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 11 New Inventions Change America during the 1950 ’ s New technology caused factories to use greater automation in production. New technology caused factories to use greater automation in production. This change affected labor unions and took jobs away from industrial workers. This change affected labor unions and took jobs away from industrial workers. Changes worried the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) who joined together in 1955 to form the AFL- CIO. Changes worried the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) who joined together in 1955 to form the AFL- CIO. Section 2: A Prosperous Nation

12. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 12 New Inventions Change America during the 1950 ’ s Advances in medical technology helped millions of Americans improve their quality of life with devices such as hearing aids. Advances in medical technology helped millions of Americans improve their quality of life with devices such as hearing aids. New technology came out of military research and the government spent millions on research projects for national defense. New technology came out of military research and the government spent millions on research projects for national defense. Some technologies affected home life such as a nuclear power plant providing electricity to homes and businesses. Some technologies affected home life such as a nuclear power plant providing electricity to homes and businesses. Section 2: A Prosperous Nation (continued)

13. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 13 Life in the Suburbs in the 1950 ’ s Federal programs, including the Highway Act (June 1956) changed the American countryside by building a new national system of interstate highways and allowed people to live in the suburbs. Federal programs, including the Highway Act (June 1956) changed the American countryside by building a new national system of interstate highways and allowed people to live in the suburbs. Homes in the suburbs were inexpensive and neighborhoods had their own parks, schools, and public services. Homes in the suburbs were inexpensive and neighborhoods had their own parks, schools, and public services. Section 2: A Prosperous Nation

14. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 14 Life in the Suburbs in the 1950 ’ s Suburb culture placed a strong emphasis on consumer goods. Suburb culture placed a strong emphasis on consumer goods. Most people that lived in the suburbs were white, middle-class Americans. Most people that lived in the suburbs were white, middle-class Americans. Section 2: A Prosperous Nation (continued)

15. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 15 OBJECTIVES How did television affect American culture? How did television affect American culture? What comments did some writers make about American society? What comments did some writers make about American society? Why did certain films and music appeal to teenagers during the 1950 ’ s? Why did certain films and music appeal to teenagers during the 1950 ’ s? Section 3: A Changing Culture

16. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 16 Television Affects Culture By 1956 there were 35 million households with a TV set. By 1956 there were 35 million households with a TV set. Televisions allowed Americans to share the same experiences by watching a single program or event. Televisions allowed Americans to share the same experiences by watching a single program or event. By 1955 television advertising became a big business with advertisers spending more than $1 billion a year on commercials. By 1955 television advertising became a big business with advertisers spending more than $1 billion a year on commercials. Section 3: A Changing Culture

17. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 17 Television Affects Culture Some of the popular movies in the 1950 ’ s were about young rebels, and as a result Americans tried to copy their behavior. Some of the popular movies in the 1950 ’ s were about young rebels, and as a result Americans tried to copy their behavior. Section 3: A Changing Culture (continued)

18. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 18 Writers and Comments About American Society Some writers of the 1950 ’ s criticized American society as being too focused on conformity. Some writers of the 1950 ’ s criticized American society as being too focused on conformity. In his 1952 novel Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison explores a young African American ’ s search for identity in the postwar world. In his 1952 novel Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison explores a young African American ’ s search for identity in the postwar world. Section 3: A Changing Culture

19. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 19 Writers and Comments About American Society Beatniks, a group of young writers, used an unusual writing style and rebellious behavior to criticize American life. On the Road, by Jack Kerouac, is an example of this writing style. Beatniks, a group of young writers, used an unusual writing style and rebellious behavior to criticize American life. On the Road, by Jack Kerouac, is an example of this writing style. Section 3: A Changing Culture (continued)

20. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 20 Teens, Music and Film Young people rebelled by listening to new kinds of music like bebop and rock ’ n ’ roll. Young people rebelled by listening to new kinds of music like bebop and rock ’ n ’ roll. Rock ’ n ’ roll attracted teenagers who wanted to challenge social restrictions. Rock ’ n ’ roll attracted teenagers who wanted to challenge social restrictions. Some of the more popular movies of the 1950 ’ s were about young rebels who many young people identified with and tried to imitate. For example, James Dean played a troubled middle-class teen in Rebel Without A Cause. Some of the more popular movies of the 1950 ’ s were about young rebels who many young people identified with and tried to imitate. For example, James Dean played a troubled middle-class teen in Rebel Without A Cause. Section 3: A Changing Culture

21. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 21 OBJECTIVES How did African American World War II veterans influence the early civil rights movement? How did African American World War II veterans influence the early civil rights movement? What were some of the main events in the struggle for school desegregation?. What were some of the main events in the struggle for school desegregation?. Why did the Montgomery Bus Boycott succeed? Why did the Montgomery Bus Boycott succeed? Section 4: The Early Civil Rights Movement

22. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 22 African American WWII Vets and Civil Rights Returning vets focused their efforts on voting discrimination such as fees and literacy tests. Returning vets focused their efforts on voting discrimination such as fees and literacy tests. Intense conflict led President Truman to create the Committee on Civil Rights to study racial discrimination and to suggest federal solutions to the problem. Intense conflict led President Truman to create the Committee on Civil Rights to study racial discrimination and to suggest federal solutions to the problem. Section 4: The Early Civil Rights Movement

23. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 23 African American WWII Vets and Civil Rights The committee suggested passing new laws to better protect all voters and to end segregation in the armed forces. The committee suggested passing new laws to better protect all voters and to end segregation in the armed forces. In 1948 Truman ended segregation in the military and banned racial discrimination in the hiring of federal employees. In 1948 Truman ended segregation in the military and banned racial discrimination in the hiring of federal employees. Section 4: The Early Civil Rights Movement (continued)

24. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 24 Main Events in the Struggle for School Desegregation In 1938 the Supreme Court ruled that every state had to offer equal educational opportunities for all races. In 1938 the Supreme Court ruled that every state had to offer equal educational opportunities for all races. In 1950 the Supreme Court ruled in Sweatt v. Painter that the University of Texas Law School created for African Americans did not provide equal academic prestige, facilities, or instructors and ordered the university to admit Sweatt to its law school. In 1950 the Supreme Court ruled in Sweatt v. Painter that the University of Texas Law School created for African Americans did not provide equal academic prestige, facilities, or instructors and ordered the university to admit Sweatt to its law school. Section 4: The Early Civil Rights Movement

25. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 25 Main Events in the Struggle for School Desegregation In 1954 the Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation in public schools was illegal. In 1954 the Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation in public schools was illegal. In 1955 the Supreme Court ordered all public schools to desegregate “ with all deliberate speed. ” In 1955 the Supreme Court ordered all public schools to desegregate “ with all deliberate speed. ” Section 4: The Early Civil Rights Movement (continued)

26. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 26 Success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott About 70 percent of the systems regular passengers refused to use the system due to the boycott. About 70 percent of the systems regular passengers refused to use the system due to the boycott. In November 1956 the Supreme Court ruled that Montgomery ’ s segregated bus system was illegal. In November 1956 the Supreme Court ruled that Montgomery ’ s segregated bus system was illegal. The victory brought Martin Luther King Jr. to the forefront of the civil rights movement. The victory brought Martin Luther King Jr. to the forefront of the civil rights movement. The boycott energized the African American community. The boycott energized the African American community. Section 4: The Early Civil Rights Movement

27. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present Emmett Till

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33. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present Timeline of Emmett Till Emmett Till’s murder in 1955 would come a year after the Brown v. Board of Education decision Emmett Till’s murder in 1955 would come a year after the Brown v. Board of Education decision Months before 2 African American activists in Mississippi murdered Months before 2 African American activists in Mississippi murdered – NAACP Reverend George Lee shot and killed after trying to vote – Lamar Smith shot and killed in front of courthouse after casting vote Many eyewitnesses, no one arrested Many eyewitnesses, no one arrested 100 days after the death of Emmett Till on December 5, 1955 Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus 100 days after the death of Emmett Till on December 5, 1955 Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus

34. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present How did this happen? Emmett Till was 14 Emmett Till was 14 Emmett Till lived in Chicago but had relatives in Mississippi who he wanted to visit Emmett Till lived in Chicago but had relatives in Mississippi who he wanted to visit In 1955 Emmett Till went to visit his relatives in Mississippi In 1955 Emmett Till went to visit his relatives in Mississippi Mother gave him a stern warning before he left, she said, “Be careful. If you have to get down on your knees and bow when a white person goes past, do it willingly.” Mother gave him a stern warning before he left, she said, “Be careful. If you have to get down on your knees and bow when a white person goes past, do it willingly.”

35. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present How did this happen? Emmett was out front of a local grocery store playing and showed a picture of a white girl from Chicago Emmett was out front of a local grocery store playing and showed a picture of a white girl from Chicago Till said that this was his girlfriend Till said that this was his girlfriend Somebody suggested he go inside and talk to the white women behind the register Somebody suggested he go inside and talk to the white women behind the register Till did and there are conflicting reports about what was said Till did and there are conflicting reports about what was said Supposedly Till as he was leaving said, ‘Bye Baby” and maybe whistled at her Supposedly Till as he was leaving said, ‘Bye Baby” and maybe whistled at her

36. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present What happened A couple days later Ron Bryant whose wife was the woman behind the register and J.W. Milam his half brother found Emmett Till A couple days later Ron Bryant whose wife was the woman behind the register and J.W. Milam his half brother found Emmett Till They came in the middle of the night and took him from his uncle’s house They came in the middle of the night and took him from his uncle’s house Next, Bryant and Milam beat Till to death and shot him in the head Next, Bryant and Milam beat Till to death and shot him in the head After the two had killed Till they tied him to a cotton gin fan and dumped him into the Tallahatchie River near Money, Mississippi After the two had killed Till they tied him to a cotton gin fan and dumped him into the Tallahatchie River near Money, Mississippi

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38. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present Aftermath Till was so badly beaten that the only way his uncle could identify him was by an initialed ring he was wearing Till was so badly beaten that the only way his uncle could identify him was by an initialed ring he was wearing One eye was gouged out and his head was crushed in with a bullet hole thru it One eye was gouged out and his head was crushed in with a bullet hole thru it Till’s mom, Mamie Till held an open casket funeral so everyone could see what had been done to her son Till’s mom, Mamie Till held an open casket funeral so everyone could see what had been done to her son Thousands of people came and saw the body Thousands of people came and saw the body

39. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present Trial Bryant and Milam were arrested and brought to trial for the murder of Emmett Till Bryant and Milam were arrested and brought to trial for the murder of Emmett Till Prosecution was having a tough time finding witnesses because at this point in time it was unheard of for an African American to accuse a white of committing a crime Prosecution was having a tough time finding witnesses because at this point in time it was unheard of for an African American to accuse a white of committing a crime It was not until Till’s uncle Mose Wright stepped to the stand and very bravely and boldly gave his testimony It was not until Till’s uncle Mose Wright stepped to the stand and very bravely and boldly gave his testimony

40. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present Trial In his testimony he was asked if he could point out who had taken his nephew that summer night In his testimony he was asked if he could point out who had taken his nephew that summer night Wright stood up and pointed at Bryant and Milam and said, “Dar he” “There he is” Wright stood up and pointed at Bryant and Milam and said, “Dar he” “There he is” After this many more African Americans came to testify against the two men After this many more African Americans came to testify against the two men These witnesses were all hurried out of the state quickly after their testimony These witnesses were all hurried out of the state quickly after their testimony

41. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present Decision Jury consisted of 12 white men Jury consisted of 12 white men The jury deliberated for only an hour The jury deliberated for only an hour Returned with the verdict of “not guilty” Returned with the verdict of “not guilty” Ironically, the verdict delivered on September 23 rd, 1955 was the 166 th anniversary of the signing of the Bill of Rights Ironically, the verdict delivered on September 23 rd, 1955 was the 166 th anniversary of the signing of the Bill of Rights Months after the trial is over Bryant and Milam do an article for Look Magazine in which they confess to the crime Months after the trial is over Bryant and Milam do an article for Look Magazine in which they confess to the crime

42. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present Impact of Emmett Till Helped to unite Northern and Southern African Americans Helped to unite Northern and Southern African Americans Membership in the NAACP soared Membership in the NAACP soared Till’s murder was a spark that caused a surge in the activism and resistance of the civil rights movement Till’s murder was a spark that caused a surge in the activism and resistance of the civil rights movement The picture of Till’s brutalized body pushed many into the fight for civil rights who had been content to sit on the side The picture of Till’s brutalized body pushed many into the fight for civil rights who had been content to sit on the side