1. MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING (MAP) DR. I MADE S. UTAMA (POSTHARVEST SPECIALIST) FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA

2. PERTIMBANGAN FISIOLOGIS Respirasi C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 -------  CO 2 +H 2 0+ Energi (ATP) PANAS OKSIGEN Karbon dioksida Energi Panas ATP Air

3. DEFINITION Modified atmosphere is a condition of atmosphere (normally in a package of commodity) around the commodity that is different from that of air (78.08% N 2, 20.95% O 2, and 0.03% CO 2 ). Usually this involves reduction of O 2 and/or elevation of CO 2 concentrations. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) involves the exposure of produce to the atmosphere generated in a package by the interaction of produce, the package and the external atmosphere. Different additives that may affect the atmosphere may be introduced into the package before it is sealed. The main feature distinguishing MAP from controlled atmosphere (CA) is that, in the case of MAP, active human involvement stops at the moment of sealing. Wide spectrum of techniques of MAP from Individual sealed packaging to the more intricate control of microorganisms in the new package of salad bar items. MAP is a multidisciplinary technology of maintaining freshness that utilises basic principles of chemistry, physics, plant physiology and pathology, microbiology, food science, engineering, polymer chemistry.

4. CO2i CO2e O2i O2e The MAP System Plastic Film Area Volume Permeability O2 Permeability CO2 thcikness Produce Weight Oxygen uptake CO2 Production

5. MAP should be considered as a supplement to proper temperature and relative humidity management

6. PRINCIPLES OF MAP MAP is a dynamic system during which respiration and permeation occur simultaneously.MAP is a dynamic system during which respiration and permeation occur simultaneously. Factor affecting both respiration and permeation must be considered when designing a package.Factor affecting both respiration and permeation must be considered when designing a package. Commodity mass, temperature, O 2, CO 2, and C 2 H 4 partial pressure and stage of maturity are known to influence respiration in a package.Commodity mass, temperature, O 2, CO 2, and C 2 H 4 partial pressure and stage of maturity are known to influence respiration in a package. Type, thickness, intended holes, and surface area of packaging film, as well as temperature, RH, and gradient of O 2 and CO 2 partial pressures across the film, are known determinant of permeation.Type, thickness, intended holes, and surface area of packaging film, as well as temperature, RH, and gradient of O 2 and CO 2 partial pressures across the film, are known determinant of permeation. Package equilibrium or steady state is defined as the point at which the commodity CO 2 production and O 2 consumption rates are equal to the permeation rates of the respective gases through a package at a given temperature.Package equilibrium or steady state is defined as the point at which the commodity CO 2 production and O 2 consumption rates are equal to the permeation rates of the respective gases through a package at a given temperature. Poorly designed package will become anaerobic or develop unacceptable levels of CO 2 before equilibrium is achieved.Poorly designed package will become anaerobic or develop unacceptable levels of CO 2 before equilibrium is achieved.

7. CO 2 O2O2 Gas concentration (O 2 and CO 2 ) 0.03% 21% Time

10. Potential harmful effects Retardation of senescence Reduction of fruit sensitivity to ethylene action Alleviation of certain physiologiical disorders Directly and indirectly affect postharvest pathogens Useful tool for insect control in some commodities Initiation or aggravation of certain physiological disorders Irregular ripening of fruits Off-flavor and off-odors Susceptibility to decay may increase Sprouting and retardation of periderm development are stimulated in some root and tuber vegetables, such as potatoes. Potential benefits Kader et al. (2002)

11. Disadvantages Reduction of weight loss, desiccation and shriveling Delay of ripening Alleviation of chilling injury Semicentralised manufacturing option Expanded radius of distribution system Reduction of labor and waste at the retailer level Quality advantages such as colour, moisture, flavour and maturity retention Excellent branding option Reduction of handling and distribution of unwanted or low grade produce Quality advantages transferred to the consumer Requirement of additional investment in machinery and labor in the package line Risk of spoiled produce due to improper packaging of temperature abuse Possible occurrence of new risk of microbiological safety due to possible development of anaerobic pathogenis flora Plastic film may be environmentally undesirable unless effective recling is installed MAP technology is still unavailable for most produce Advantages Ben-Yehoshua et al. (1993)

12. MAP for fruits and vegetables Various films have been used for packaging F&V to minimize respiratory anaerobiosis and potential microbiological hazards In China and Japan sealed- packaging has become a common new technique for citrus fruit storage. Sealed-package of many F&V are commonly available on the shelves of supermarket. One of the novel approaches in MAP of F&V is the introduction of a gas mixture of desirable composition into a package before sealing.

16. 0 5 10 15 21 %O2 21 15 10 5 0 %CO2 Strawberry Grapefruit Banana Grape Cherry Mango, papaya, pineaple Orange

17. 0 5 10 15 21 %O2 21 15 10 5 0 %CO2 Spinach Tomato Lettuce Asparagus Leek Bell pepper Mushroom

19. Modified humidity packaging RH in a plastic package is usually very high. Reduction in RH to an optimal amount may be critical for the success of MAP Research: CaCl 2, Sorbitol, NaCl, xylitol and KCl sealed with one mature tomato fruit at 20C in simulated package for 48 days resulted in stable RH of 35, 75, 75, 80 and 85%, respectively. RH was a function of the ratio of chemical and fruit mass The storage life of package red-type tomato fruit at 20C was extended from 5 days using no pouch to 15-17 days with a pouch containing NaCl.

20. Interactive and microporous film MAP application may require packaging materials capable passing controlled quantities of water, O 2, CO 2, C 2 H 4 in order to control concentration of these gases in the internal package environment and to avoid anaerobiosis. Emerging of a new technology “Smart packaging” or “active packaging” Active packaging could be the use of chemicals to absorb of gases. Microporous film; a) intentionally perforated with very small orifices which pass gases at a very slow rate relative to the total area, b) the perforations contain intentional additives.

24. Future Research Needs