1. KOS The microwave multifunctional tissue processor 林臻鞠 友聯光學有限公司 unionopt@ms11.hinet.net 02-26980508 2013.10.31

2. Microwave heating A bit of theory

4. Wavelengths range from 1mm to 1m Frequency allowed for commercial, medical and scientific applications: 2,450 MHz (12.2 cm wavelength) Heating is caused by -Dipole rotation - Ionic migration Theory of microwave heating

5. Microwaves are not ionising radiation Microwaves energy is largely below the energy necessary to break the bonds of common organic molecules H-OH5,2 CH3-CH33,8 Hydrogen bond (water)0,21 Chemical bond energy (eV) Microwaves radiation (2.450 MHz) quantum energy (eV) 0,0016Energy Theory of microwave heating

6. Interaction of materials with microwaves METALS WATER PTFE, PP, TPX  Reflective  Absorptive  Transparent to Microwaves

7. Metals Water, alcohols PTFE, PP, Cassette, WAX, Glass Transparent to Microwaves  Absorptive  Reflective Interaction of materials with microwaves

8. Conventional Heating The temperature of the outside surface of the vessel is in excess of the boiling point of the solution then Container is heated first then the solution. CONDUCTIVE HEATING SOLUTION CONVECTIVE CURRENTS 傳導性的

9. Microwave heating Shorter Reaction Times first Solution is heated first MICROWAVE HEATING SOLUTION

10. Reality Microwaves cook my samples Rapid processing = poor morphology Antigens will be lost forever Molecular studies are not possible Day processing is useless Microwaves create physical heat like conventionals do but internally the tissues. Better homogenity & efficiency. Today’s technology makes 12-14hours a useless waste of time. Quality is guaranteed priority. Diagnostic equivalence is validated by studies showing optimal antigen reactivity. Microwave do not affect DNA, RNA and proteins’ quality at all. Day processing = same day diagnosis = patient centric care Perception

11. KOS The microwave multifunctional tissue processor

13. State of the Art Microwave is switched OFF if: 1.Cavity ventilation is compromised 2.Solvent in cavity is above Threshold 3.Humidity in cavity exceeds set value 4.Microwave leak is detected

14. In a fraction of the time Tissue processing Decalcification Special stains Gross hardening Fixation Antigen retrieval (93°C to 120°C) KOS

15. KOS: Smart and Fast The first Icon driven HistoStation

16. Multifunctional: 1 unit 6 applications Fast: Just plug-in and process Reliable: Sensors controlled Flexible: User programs / Favorites Safe: Sensors monitored Smart: Icons driven KOS*

17. Multifunctional: ONE unit SIX major applications Fulfilling all requirements set by CAP/C.L.S.I. Ideal substitute for “kitchen type” microwave oven Fulfilling all requirements set by CAP/C.L.S.I. Ideal substitute for “kitchen type” microwave oven

18. Rapid Tissue processing Same day results for all tissue types. From 1 to 45 cassettes Ideal for transplant center Urgent biopsies Up to 3 mm thickness Safe. No xylene Ethanol – isopropanol only

19. Fast, unmatched tissue processing time. 35 minutes For transplant biopsies including fixation 75 minutes For 2 mm biopsies Add 18 min fixation 140 minutes For 3 mm biopsies Add 28 min fixation

20. Excellent H&E, IHC and FISH In a fraction of the time High Quality Slides Breast Red-Labeled HER2-FISH, x800 Colonic Biopsy H&E, x400 Adenocarcinoma Cytokaratin CAM 5.2, x400 Breast, HER2 IHC, x400

21. SMART. ICONS DRIVEN MENU 1) Select thickness. 2) Select number of cassettes.

22. 3) Select reagents 4) Press GO

23. 5) Press START. That’s all Time left will be shown on the terminal

24. Any protocol as Favorite

25. Special Stains Up to 16 slides Up to 76% time saving for staining protocols

27. 1) Select stains menu 2) Select specific stain

28. 3) Follow step by step indications 4) Selected program is prestored ready to use.

29. Dedicated Histomodules 4K, up to 4 cassette 45K, up to 45 cassette 16s, up to 16 slides

30. A review of some key factors influencing the quality of sections and stains

31. Bench-level quality factors Pre-fixation Fixation Grossing Processing Embedding Microtomy Flotation Section drying H&E and special stains IHC, ISH and FISH Coverslipping

32. Pre-fixation damage “If tissue is not in a healthy, living state when it is fixed, it can reveal only abnormal details, whatever its subsequent treatment.” Bracegirdle B. A History of Microtechnique

33. Autolysis Pre-fixation damage: examples Heat damage Crush artifact Dessication

34. Fixation: common problems Inadequate volume of formalin Poor quality fixative Tissue fragments roughly handled Inappropriate containers

36. THANK YOU !