1. By: Kaiden, Matthew, Sjoerd, Brandon

2. Excretory System PartKidneyLiverLarge Intestine UreterSkinUrethraBladderBile

3.  The kidney's primary function is the elimination of waste from the bloodstream by production of urine. They perform several homeostatic functions. The way the kidneys do this is with nephrons. There are over 1 million nephrons in each kidney, these nephrons act as filters inside the kidneys. The kidneys filter needed materials and waste, the needed materials go back into the bloodstream, and unneeded materials becomes urine and is gotten rid of. In some cases, excess wastes crystallize as kidney stones. They grow and can become a painful irritant that may require surgery or ultrasound treatments. Some stones are small enough to be forced into the urethra.  Function: ◦ Take Out Waste ◦ Balancing Water Levels ◦ Blood Pressure Regulation ◦ Red Blood Cell Regulation ◦ Acid Regulation

4.  Nephritis: ◦ Nephritis is the inflammation of one or both kidneys.  Kidney Stones: ◦ These are smaller sized deposits of calcium and can be seen in the nephrons.  Chronic Kidney Disease: ◦ CKD means that your kidneys are damaged and can’t filter blood as they should. This damage can cause waste build up in your body. It can also cause other problems that can harm your health. Diabetes and high blood sugar are the most common causes of CKD.

5.  To bladder can hold 400 to 600mL of urine for up to 5 hours. It’s a bit like a floppy balloon, it expands and contracts according to the amount of urine inside.  Functions: ◦ Holds Urine Until It Is Taken Out of The Body

6.  Overactive Bladder: ◦ A condition in which the bladder squeezes urine out at the wrong time.  Urinary Incontinence: ◦ Loss of bladder control.  Bladder Cancer: ◦ When there is uncontrolled growth of cells present in bladder, it is known as bladder cancer. The end result is a tumor in the bladder.  Cystitis: ◦ The inflammation of the bladder.

7.  The liver is the largest glandular organ in the body and performs many vital functions to keep the body pure of toxins and harmful substances. An average adult liver weighs about three pounds. It receives about 1.5 quarts of blood every minute.  Functions: ◦ Detoxifies the blood to rid it of harmful substances such as alcohol and drugs ◦ Stores vitamins and iron ◦ Stores simple sugar glucose ◦ Breaks down hemoglobin as well as insulin and other hormones ◦ Destroys old red blood cells

8.  Hepatitis A,B,C: ◦ A Symptoms  Fatigue  Fever  Nausea  Appetite Loss  Jaundice  Diarrhea ◦ B Symptoms  Inflammation of Liver ◦ C Symptoms  Decreased Appetite  Fatigue  Nausea  Muscle Or Joint Pains,  Weight Loss

9.  The common bile duct is a small, tube-like structure formed where the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct join. Its function is to carry bile from the gallbladder and conducts it into the upper part of the small intestine (the duodenum).  Functions: ◦ Carry bile from the gallbladder and conducts it into the upper part of the small intestine

10.  Biliary Obstruction: ◦ A biliary obstruction is a blockage of the bile ducts.

11.  The large intestine is the last part of the digestive system in vertebrate animals. Its function is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter, and then to pass useless waste material from the body  Functions: ◦ Transportation of Waste Throughout The Body

12.  Intestinal Gas  Diarrhea  Constipation

13.  The Ureter is the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. In humans there are two Ureters, one attached to each kidney. The Ureter is approximately 12 inches long.  Functions: ◦ Transports Urine From The Kidney to The Bladder

14.  Sometimes the Ureters can become blocked or injured. This can block the flow of urine to the bladder.

15.  The skin is your body’s largest organ. An average adult’s skin spans 21 square feet, weighs 9 pounds, and contains more than 11 miles of blood vessels. Yum! The odor is caused by bacteria on the skin eating and digesting those fatty compounds. The Eccrine is a sweat gland.  Functions: ◦ Keep Harmful Bacteria Out of The Body ◦ Eccrine Transports Sweat Out of The Body.

16.  Acne  Eczema  Skin Cancer  Psoriasis  Seborrheic Dermatitis

17.  The male urethra connects the urinary bladder to the penis, and it functions as an exit from the body. Once the bladder becomes full, urine flows through the urethra and leaves the body at the meatus located at tip of the penis. The urethra is more than just a urinary duct; it also serves as a conduit for semen and sperm during sexual acts.  Functions: ◦ Carries Urine Out of Body

18.  Urethral problems may cause pain or difficulty passing urine. You may also have bleeding or discharge from the urethra.  Doctors diagnose urethral problems using different tests. These include urine tests, x-rays and an examination of the urethra with a scope called a cyst scope. Treatment depends on the cause of the problem. It may include medicines and, in severe cases, surgery.