2. Field Sanitation

3. Task: Display familiarization with the Field Sanitation and personal hygiene standards of the United States Army.
Conditions: Given this briefing summarizing guidance from the following listed references
Standard: Answer questions displaying knowledge of Field Sanitation and personal hygiene standards.

4. The Great War (World War I)

5. The Influenza Pandemic of 1918
The influenza pandemic of killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe" the influenza of was a global disaster

6. Introduction to Field Sanitation
This course is designed to enhance, sustain, or provide individual understanding of Field Sanitation and Hygiene

7. Class Outline 1- Medical threat to field forces 2- Personal hygiene
3- Water supplies
4- Waste disposal in the field
5- Arthropods & diseases
6- Management of arthropods & individual PMM

8. Class Outline (cont’d)
7- Control of arthropods with pesticides
8- Rodent control & management
9- Chemical hazards
10- Noise hazards

9. Regulations and Publications
AR 40-5, Preventive Medicine
FM , Unit Field Sanitation Team
FM 21-10, Field Hygiene and Sanitation
TB MED 577, Surveillance of Field Water Supplies
TB MED 530, Food Service Sanitation

10. Debilitating and Non-Battle Injury (DNBI)
DNBI accounts for more than 50% of casualties
Direct reflection on the lack of PMM
Lack of PMM causes breakdown in soldier’s health and capability to function

11. Medical Threat to Field Forces
Casualties caused by DNBI have had a serious
impact on military operations since the dawn
of recorded history
The four major contributors to DNBI are:
Heat Transmitted diseases
Cold Diarrheal diseases

12. Importance of Field Sanitation
The success or failure of the unit and its
mission may be jeopardized because of the
lack of proper preventive medicine measures
To help reduce disease and health problems,
soldiers at every level must be educated on
Field Sanitation

13. Importance of the Field Sanitation Team (FST)
FST members should instruct/guide soldiers
on the hazards of neglected personal hygiene
The FST must have basic sanitation and
protection roles

14. Role of the FST Supervise: Disinfecting of water
Construction of garbage areas
Construction of soakage pits
Construction and cleaning of field latrines

15. Role of the FST Provide training and guidance to food service
personnel on the prevention and elimination
of deficiencies in food service sanitation
Report any deficiencies to the commander for
necessary action

16. Preventive Medicine Measures
Personal Hygiene
and
Preventive Medicine Measures

17. Promote Personal Hygiene by
arranging for hand-washing and showering facilities
providing hot water for showering and shaving
providing heated dressing rooms
providing sanitary controls
preventing water collecting and pooling

18. Hygiene Devices Hand-wash devices at each latrine
Hand-wash for soldiers at eating locations
Hand-wash for cooks at the field kitchen
Soakage pits
Soap and towels

19. Good Personal Hygiene Prevents
Foot problems
Skin rashes
Body lice
Hair lice
Diarrhea and gastrointestinal problems
Depression and social instability

20. Good Personal Hygiene Promotes
Healthier soldiers
Self-satisfaction among troops
Better work performance
Less sick calls
More soldiers on the front line

21. Water Supply in the Field

22. In combat, safe water ranks in
importance with ammunition and
food. It often has an important
bearing on the success or the
failure of a mission.

23. Importance of Good Water
Soldiers must be supplied with sufficient
amounts of water
Water must be safe to drink and cook with
Water should be safe and clear of
objectionable tastes, odors, turbidity, and
color
Water is a vehicle for transmission of disease organisms

24. Testing the Water
Water should be tested for the presence of Coliform bacteria
Coliform bacterii are found in great numbers in the excreta (feces) of humans
Hepatitis, leptospirosis, typhoid, cholera, diarrhea may be present in feces

25. Production of Safe Water
Check the bacterial content
Check the chlorine residual content
Establish standards for water quality
Inspect water points
After testing and treating, approve water for consumption and use

26. Water Supply and Treatment
The unit commander makes certain that:
There is an adequate supply of good water
The rules of water discipline are enforced
Everyone understands the hazards of drinking unsafe water
The water supply will be protected by good sanitary practices

27. Terms and Definitions Palatable - agreeable taste
Potable - safe to drink
Treatment - procedure to change the chemical composition
Chlorinating - increases the residual level to a safe minimum
PPM - parts per million

28. Disinfecting the Lyster Bag
Dissolve calcium hypochlorite ampules in a canteen cup
Add to water, stir
Flush faucets
Wait ten minutes
Test water for proper residual levels
Let water stand for 20 minutes before use

29. Treating the 400 Gallon Water Trailer
Mix 3 MRE spoonfuls of calcium hypochlorite with 1/2 cup of water
Add to water, stir
Flush faucets
Wait ten minutes, test again
If residuals are at 5 PPM, wait 20 minutes before use

30. Treating the Canteen
Use two iodine tablets in each full canteen of water
Place tablets in canteen, wait 5 minutes
Shake canteen
Loosen cap, allow clean water to seep around the neck to kill any organisms
Minimum contact time is 30 minutes

31. Water Supplies
Under all situations in the field, soldiers must be supplied with sufficient amounts of potable water.
This requires a coordinated effort between the State medical authority, the commander, and the field sanitation team.

32. Waste Disposal in the Field
Proper waste disposal is essential in preventing the spread of disease. Solid and liquid wastes produced under field conditions can be as much as 100 lbs per person per day.
The unit commander and First Sergeant are responsible for the removal of trash and garbage, not Food Services.

33. Human Waste Disposal
Huge problem for the unit and soldiers in the field
Chemical Latrines should be provided for 4% of the male population and for 6% of the female population
Located 100 yards downhill from water sources and field kitchens
Hand-wash devices should be provided at each latrine

34. Garbage Disposal Most Training Sites do not allow burying garbage
garbage must be separated
must be hauled to landfill
Liquid waste (grease and oils)
1-5 gallons per person per day is normal
must be contained for proper disposal
most training sites have recycle drums

35. Waste Disposal
Before trash, garbage, grease, oils, or human waste is burned, buried, dug in, or covered up, check with the Installation Environmental Officer for proper procedures. It may save you at lot of headaches and money.

36. Arthropods and Disease
It is important for you to know that throughout history more soldiers have been killed or disabled from arthropod-borne disease than from actual combat.

37. Arthropods
Any member of the phylum Arthropoda, which includes the insects, centipedes, crustaceans, millipedes, mites, scorpions, spiders, ticks, fleas, mosquitoes, flies, etc.
In many cases, the arthropod is the vehicle or cause of the disease.

38. How Arthropods Affect Human Health
By direct injury
stings or bites
Through disease transmission
bacteria deposited on food
Myiasis
larvae migrate through human host
fly eggs turn into maggots in stool

39. Common Arthropods mosquitoes filth fly house fly scorpions ticks mites
fleas red bugs
deer flies wasps

40. Arthropod-borne Diseases
Malaria - mosquito
Yellow Fever - mosquito
Dengue Fever - mosquito
Encephalitis - mosquito & ticks
Typhus body lice
Bubonic Plague - fleas

41. Management of Arthropods through Field Sanitation and PMM
Since the ideal location of bivouac sites are not always possible, we must know how to manage arthropods which affect the health of the soldiers. Through effective measures we can control arthropod infestation.

42. Individual PMM Clothing worn loosely
trouser legs tucked in without blousing rubbers
shirt sleeves rolled down and buttoned
no holes or tears
head gear worn (insect screen may be attached)

43. Clothing Repellent
Some repellents can be applied directly to the clothing. The two methods which are acceptable are by aerosol spray or by dipping into a repellent solution.
Either method must be approved by the Installation Surgeon and the directions for use must be strictly followed.

44. Skin Repellent
Repellent may be applied directly to the skin, spread evenly over the area. Do not get chemicals into eyes.
Skin repellent may be used on clothing. Apply a few drops or spray compound on clothing around openings.

45. PMM for rest periods Screened billets - desirable, but not always
available
Bed nets - a necessity to be used in
conjunction with screened billets
Aerosol spray - the last line of defense,
sprayed in and around billets

46. Equipment used for Control
Hand Duster - delousing application
Hand Pressure Sprayer - general application
- 2 gallon capacity
Aerosol cans - general application for small
areas
Bottles - general application for uncovered
skin

47. Control of Arthropods with Pesticides
A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances or chemicals which kills pests.
Pesticides are used to augment, not replace, field sanitation and individual PMM.

48. Application of Pesticides
IMPORTANT FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
WHEN DISPENSING PESTICIDES:
Toxic effect when inhaled
Degree and speed of skin absorption
Cumulative effect in the body
Concentration of toxicant
Amount of pesticide that must be applied
Conditions under which chemicals are applied

49. Rodent Management
Rodents are the carriers of several diseases which are harmful to humans
The best known and most serious is the plague, a disease transmitted to humans by rodent fleas
Rodents are known to cause millions of dollars of damage to crops

50. Types of Rodents Norway Rat found at ground level
likes to burrow in the ground
found mostly in temperate regions
roams feet in search of food and water
likes people food
life span 1 year
each female can produce 84 young rats per year

51. Types of Rodents Roof Rat found in attics and walls
roams feet in search of food and water
found everywhere in the world
likes people food, prefers vegetables
life span 1 year
each female can produce 64 young rats per year

52. Types of Rodents House Mouse found in attics and walls
found everywhere in the world
likes people food
* 1/10 oz of food per day
* 1/20 oz of water per day
roams 50 feet for food and water
life span 1 year
each female can produce 84 young rats per year

53. Diseases Caused by Rodents
Leptospirosis
acute fever
jaundice and bleeding
deadly infectious disease
meningitis
treatment is with penicillin

54. Diseases Caused by Rodents
Plague
fever up to 104*F
nausea and vomiting
headache
muscular pain
mental disorientation and delirium
certain DEATH within a few days

55. Looking for Rodents sightings gnaw marks
presence of dead rodents tracks
droppings nests
smudge marks on baseboards sounds
burrows or holes odors

56. Rodent Elimination eliminate access to garbage
dispose of garbage regularly
do not leave food out
store all food in tightly sealed containers
clean up all food spills
repair all water leaks
seal off all exterior openings

57. Rodent Elimination clean up building materials
thin or remove dense vegetation
trim tree limbs
stack materials away from walls
remove paper, cardboard boxes, cloths
any materials that can be used for nests

58. Elimination Devices Snap traps against walls behind objects
secure the bait
checked and reset daily
meats (Norway rat)
dried fruits (Roof rat)
peanut butter (House mouse)

59. Chemical Elimination involves the use of rodenticides
blood anti-coagulant chemicals
do not use in food storage, prep, or serving areas
bait stations should be placed against walls or burrows
should give the rodent a secure place to feed

60. Disposal of Dead Rodents
spread insect repellent on your hands, sleeves, and the front of your clothes
pick up rodent with long-handled tongs or a shovel
place carcass in plastic bag and place in tightly fitted refuse container
spray general purpose pesticide in refuse container

61. Chemical Hazards Occupational hazards may be classified as
chemical, physical, or biological.
Chemicals may produce injury or death in all
situations, including combat.
The loss of key personnel has a direct effect
on the unit’s ability to accomplish its mission.

62. Chemical Routes of Entry
Inhalation
Absorption
Ingestion
Injection

63. Liquid Gas Vapor Mist Solids Dust
Chemical Classes
Liquid Gas
Vapor Mist
Solids Dust

64. Chemicals odorless and colorless space heaters
automotive exhaust fumes
non-irritating
slow working
interferes with oxygen to the body
causes headaches, sleepiness, coma, and death

65. Chemicals Hydrogen Chloride exhaust from rocket systems
Bore/gun gasses contain lead deposits
contains carbon monoxide
effects respiratory system with flu-like symptoms
acid burns to eyes, throat, lungs, skin

66. Chemicals Liquids solvents insecticides fuels skin irritations
lubricants chemical burns

67. Noise Hazards
We are surrounded by sounds 24 hours a day. We are so used to a sound filled environment that a lack of sound can be very disturbing. But, too much sound can have profound physical effects on our hearing, and can cause deafness.

68. Types of noise Impact or impulse noise Continuous or steady noise
very loud in short bursts
small arms fire, cannon fire, gun fire
Continuous or steady noise
field generators tank interiors
personnel carriers truck cabs
aircraft First Sergeants

69. Recognizing the Effects of Noise
ringing in ears
temporary loss of hearing
ear ache
equilibrium loss
headache

70. Hearing Protection armor crew helmet helicopter crew helmet
aircraft ground crew “ears”
earmuffs
earplugs

71. Plan for Noise identify existing noise in your unit
outfit soldiers with proper protection
protectors should be cleaned regularly
control noise sources
instruct soldiers on proper wear
instruct soldiers on effects of hearing loss

72. Summary Field sanitation and hygiene is the personal responsibility
of each and every soldier. Those measures the individual fails
to follow affects not only that one soldier but each and every
soldier around them.
Leaders at all echelons need to rigorously enforce field
sanitation and hygiene to ensure that their unit is healthy and
prepared physically for the stresses of combat. Failing to
adhere to these guidelines is a certain way to cause your unit
to become incapable of conducting its mission.