1. Causes of Article Rejection & brief introduction to IMRaD Isnani AS Suryono Pelatihan Penulisan Artikel Ilmiah untuk Jurnal Internasional DRPM UI, IASTH Lt.2, 4 November 2009

2. Why was your article rejected? Administrative Conformity to target Journal’s in-house style: – Language (US/UK English?) – Substance – Format 29/08/20152DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

3. In-house style, what is it? It’s a rule of the game of the target journal, a kind of manual, to be followed by contributing authors. It provides guides for authors on preparation, writing, manuscript submission, offprints, and costs The manual is usually called Guide for Authors (GFA) or Instruction to Authors (IA) 29/08/20153DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

4. GFA is a need, why? Failur to comply to GFA may lead to rejection of the manuscript.. It can be said that GFA is the skeleton of the scientific article. 29/08/20154DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

5. Example of Instruction to Authors Med J Indones: Authors should submit 3 hard copies, and retain a personal copy. Basic requirements: Should be original work, Never been published before Obtained ethical committee approval Researches involving human subject, should be accompanied by signed informed consent Subjected to peer and editorial review 29/08/20155DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

6. Format example Articles in the Med J Indones used the 2008 version format of the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscript submitted to Biomedical Journals” established by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) Aims & scope can be read at the MJI website: www.e-mji.com www.e-mji.com Author should fill in copyright transfer form 29/08/20156DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

7. Forms to fill along with submission Final checklist & submission form contains: Acknowledgment of manuscript & CD submission Guarantees: – participation & agreement of all authors involved; – the originality of manuscript, and that it has never been published elsewhere before – acknowledgment & approval of every institution involved – obtainment of ethical clearance 29/08/20157DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

8. Final check list & submission form Conformation to IA of the MJI adopted from ICMJE 2008. Types of article: – Basic medical research – Clinical research – Community research – Medical education – Case report – Review article – Brief communication 29/08/20158DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

9. Title page Title of the article Full name(s) of author(s) Academic degree(s) Institutional affiliation(s) of author(s) Communication address Running title (maximum 40 characters) Synopsis Sponsor (if any) 29/08/20159DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

10. Article is organized as follows: Abstrak Bahasa Indonesia Abstract in English Introduction Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgment References (maximum 25) Table(s) Graph(s) 29/08/201510DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

11. Basic structure  IMRAD: Introduction (what question was asked?) Methods (How was it studied?) Results(What was found?) And Discussion(What do the findings mean?) 11 Structure of a scientific paper. 1,2 29/08/2015DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

12. 29/08/201512 INTRODUCTION Lindsay: 5-10% of  pages I dari I M R A D Answers  Why did you start? 3 – What do I have to say? – Is it worth saying it? – What is the right format for the message? – What is the audience for the message? – What is the right journal for the message? DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

13. Explain why your research question is – Important – Interesting, or – Controversial Do not include information available in textbooks.. Include only: most relevant & significant points.. (Jangan pakai terlalu banyak) Write a concise, focused Intro: 3 29/08/201513DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

14.  If your sample is small/ your do not have ideal control group  strenghten it by using a few well-selected findings from published studies.  Position your study, does your study have: ◦ A larger sample size? ◦ Better control of confounding factors? ◦ Longer follow up? ◦ More recent data? ◦ More accurate measurements?  Summarize concisely, elaborate in the Discussion. Use the Literature to enrich, do not over reference! 3 29/08/201514DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

15. State the purpose of your study clearly.. The specific aim & hypothesis should be easy to find & understand Be sure that the reasoning in your paper follows a straight line: – from the purpose (in the Introduction) to – the conclusion (at the end of the Discussion) Explain how your study fills the gap in current scientific knowledge. 3 29/08/201515DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

16. Authors are often not clear about what they want to say.. Straying from the hypothesis or the objective of the analysis. [4] Authors regularly choose the wrong format.. Not clear about the audience (Academician? Practitioners? Researchers? Specialists? Generalists?) 16 Common errors : 3 29/08/2015DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

17. You must present a great deal of important information in just a few words! How few? Check recently published Introductions in the target journal  make yours slightly less than, or equal to the average length.. Condense the Introduction. 4 29/08/201517DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

18.  “To write an effective introduction you must know your audience, keep it short, tell readers why you have done the study and explain why it’s important, convince them that it is better than what has gone before, and try as hard as you can to hook them in the first line” 18 Finally.. 3 29/08/2015DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

19. 29/08/201519 METHODS Lindsay: Methods (& Results) 40-60% of  pages. M  I M R A D Answers: What did you do? Most important part of the manuscript, since is the most common cause of rejection! DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

20. Important part of the manuscript, since is the most common cause of rejection. Main purposes: to describe, sometimes to defend the experimental design, provide sufficient details, enough for others to repeat the study, Standard methods  just give the appropriate reference. 20 Methods: clear, detailed, concise. 5 29/08/2015DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

21. Whenever “modifications” of standard methods are used, authors should : – Give complete details of any new methods used. – Give the precision of the measurements undertaken. – Use statistical analysis sensibly. Help of a statistician needed at the planning stage of study. 21 Modification of standard Methods 1 29/08/2015DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

22. How the study was designed : Keep the description brief Inform when the study was conducted & where? Population & sample, sampling method Say how randomisation was done Use names to identify parts of a study sequence 22 What to include. 2,5 29/08/2015DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

23. How the study was carried out: Describe recruitment (criteria of inclusion ) Give reasons for excluding subjects Consider mentioning ethical features Give accurate details of materials Give exact drug dosages Give exact form of treatment & accesible details of unusual apparatus 23 What to include? 5 29/08/2015DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

24. Does text describe questions asked? What was being tested? How trustworthy the measurements of the variables would be? Were these trustworthy measurements recorded, analysed, & interpreted correctly? Would a suitably qualified reader be able to repeat the experiment in the same way? 24 Finally, 2,5  Methods concluded 29/08/2015DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

25. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS  combined.. Advantage Simple Only when problems are simple Appropriate for ‘note’ or ‘short communication’ Disadvantage Sometimes difficult to differentiate clearly between one’s own findings & those reported in the literature Author’s argumentation cannot be developed very well 29/08/201525DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

26. R & D as separate sections Advantage Neat format Some readers prefer to draw their own conclusions without getting prejudiced by the author’s opinion, and later compare them with the author’s conclusion when they come to the Discussion section 29/08/2015DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias26

27. RESULTS Are the core of the paper Presents the data the researcher has found Whenever practical, should be organized in tables, or interpreted through figures / diagrams If extensive data have been collected, often best to simply summarize the Result, augmenting the summary with representative examples 29/08/201527DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

28. Common error Commonest faults: repetitive prose that is already clear to the reader from of the tables & figures Busy readers will be grateful for a guiding hand but should not be led as if blindfolded 29/08/201528DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

29. Well presented results Simply & clearly stated Representative rather than endlessly repetitive data Reduce large masses of data into ‘means’, with the SE or SD Repetitive data best presented as tables & graphs, not as narrative text Repeat text only when presenting most important findings shown in tables/graphs 29/08/201529DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

30. Well presented results Do include negative data– what was not found– if they affect the interpretation of results. Otherwise, negative data are best omitted Present only datas that relate to the subject of the paper as defined in the Introduction Refer in the text, to every table & figure by number Include only tables, figures, & graphs that are necessary, clear, and worth presenting 29/08/201530DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

31. Things to watch.. Unnessary words. Beware especially for sentences that begin with: “Table 5 shows that..”. Tables do not show anything. Put the reference to the table in parentheses at the end. The reader will usually follow the results more easily if they appear in the same order as the objectives given in the Introduction 29/08/201531DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

32. After reading the Result.. The editor usually judge whether at this point readers will say “So what?” If they do, than the author has not done an adequeate job of presenting the results.. Next comes  DISCUSSION, is the most difficult part of an article, and this part is where the editors most frequently ask to be revised.. 29/08/201532DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

33. DISCUSSION 7 to 8 paragraphs Final sentence should be conclusive: – 50% clear conclusion – 25% “perhaps/possibility” – 25% NO conclusions, only should carry on with the work 29/08/201533DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

34. DISCUSSION Answers the question: What does it all mean? First sentence plays a key role & describe main findings. Conclusions into context, each paragraph deal with a different point: – Reasons for a link & how it relates to the existing theory – Implications to medical science & society – Future direction of work – Day to day implications for clinical work. 29/08/201534DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

35. CONCLUSION Collect and summarize the most important results & their implications The status of the problem should be briefly reviewed before the new findings are presented Should it be enumerated? (look at the GFA/IA!) Should be in line with the purpose stated at the end of the Introduction 29/08/201535DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

36. CONCLUSION When there is no separate conclusion (& suggestion) section Conclusion can be integrated in the Discussion section Conclusion as the last paragraph of the Discussion section 29/08/2015DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias36

37. Discussion & Conclusion combined Check again the GFA/IA.. After presenting one’s findings & elaborating on their significance, a scientist is usually anxious to conclude by engaging in a certain amount of extrapolation, including suggestions for future studies.. 29/08/201537DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias

38. 1.Hall GH. Structure of a scientific paper. In: Hall GH, ed. How to write a paper. London: BMJ, 1994: p. 1-3. 2.Sastroasmoro S. Penulisan makalah ilmiah untuk jurnal: Sistematika dan Format Umum. Pada Workshop on medical report writing. The Second annual Jakarta International Epidemiology Course for Clinicians. FKUI & UICC. Jakarta: 25 Nov-6 Des. 1996 3.Smith R. Introduction. In: Hall GH, ed. How to write a paper. London: BMJ, 1994: p. 6- 13 4.Byrne DW. Introduction. In: Publishing your medical research paper. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998:p.101-4 5.Drummond G B. Methods. In: Hall GH, ed. How to write a paper. London: BMJ, 1994: p.15-8 6.Lindsay D. Penuntun Penulisan Ilmiah. A guide to Scientific Writing. Jakarta: UIP; 1986 7.Albert T. IMRAD STRUCTURE. IN: a – z of medical writing. London. BMJ Books. 2000; p. 62-3 8.Achmadi SA. Results & Discussion. Workshop on international scientific paper writing. Makassar, 22-25 Oktober 2009. 9.Gusli S. Familiarizing with In-House Style of selected journals. Workshop on International Scientific Paper Writing. Makassar Golden Hotel, 22-25 October 2009 38 References 29/08/2015DRPM/UI/iasth lt.2/ias