1. World War II Chapters 34 and 35

2. Washington Disarmament Conference (1921-1922) 5 Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with the United States. 5 Goals  naval disarmament and the political situation in the Far East.

3. Five-Power Treaty (1922) 5 A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio: US Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67 5 Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain would stop fortifying their Far East territories [including the Philippines]. 5 Loophole  no restrictions on small warships

4. Locarno Pact (1925) 5 Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. 5 Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only 5 Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.

5. Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) 5 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy. 5 62 nations signed. 5 Problems  no means of actual enforcement and gave Americans a false sense of security.

6. Japanese Attack Manchuria (1931) 5 League of Nations condemned the action. 5 Japan leaves the League. 5 Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East.

7. Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine (1932) 5 US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force. 5 Japan was infuriated because the US had conquered new territories a few decades earlier. 5 Japan bombed Shanghai in 1932  massive casualties.

8. London Economic Conference - 1933 ► Purpose – attack on the global depression and stabilization of currencies for exchange rates ► FDR wants to be able to stimulate the American economy through inflation  Pulls US out of conference ► Conference adjourns with no resolutions  Provokes extreme nationalism; little international cooperation  US = isolationism!

9. FDR Foreign Policy  Recognizes the Soviet Union ( late 1933) 5 FDR felt that recognizing Moscow might bolster the US against Japan. Maybe trade with the USSR would help the US economy during the Depression. Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 Philippines would become independent after a 12 year tutelage period (1946) Did not want to spend the money maintaining a Far East empire

10. FDR’s “Good Neighbor” Policy 5 Important to have all nations in the Western Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions. 5 FDR  The good neighbor respects himself and the rights of others. 5 Policy of non-intervention and cooperation. 5 Reciprocal Trade Agreements – low tariff increases trade

11. Nye Committee Hearings (1934-1936) 5 The Nye Committee I investigated the charge that WW I was needless and the US entered so munitions owners could make big profits [“merchants of death.”] 5 The Committee did charge that bankers wanted war to protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make money. 5 Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing into warring nations’ waters. 5 Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts. Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]

12. Ludlow Amendment (1938) 5 A proposed amendment to the Constitution that called for a national referendum on any declaration of war by Congress. 5 Introduced several times by Congressman Ludlow. 5 Never actually passed. Congressman Louis Ludlow [D-IN]

13. Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937 5 When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect:  Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.  Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.  Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I].  Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and- carry” basis  pay when goods are picked up.  Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War. 5This limited the options of the President in a crisis. 5America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!

14. US Neutrality

15. Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) ► Fascists led by Generalissimo Franco rebelled  Aided by Hitler, Mussolini  Rome-Berlin Axis ► US sent no aid ► Democracy was doomed The American “Lincoln Brigade”

16. Quarantine Speech ► FDR’s speech in 1937 ► Alarmed by recent aggression by Italy and Japan  World needs to quarantine the aggressors ► Economically? ► Protest erupts from isolationists  FDR retreated

17. Panay Incident (1937) 5 December 12, 1937. 5 Japan bombed USS Panay gunboat & three Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River. 5 The river was an international waterway. 5 Japan was testing US resolve! 5 Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further attacks. 5 Most Americans were satisfied with the apology. 5 Results  Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for further aggression against US interests.

18. Fascist Aggression 5 1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty & the League of Nations [re-arming!] Mussolini attacks Ethiopia. 5 1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland. Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain. 5 1938: Austrian Anschluss (union). Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS] Munich Agreement  APPEASEMENT! 5 1939: German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia. Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact. 5 September 1, 1939: German troops march into Poland  blitzkrieg  WW II begins!!!

19. World War II Timeline Cont ► 1939- Phony War – months after collapse of Poland – Hitler preparing for attack on France ► 1940 – Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway ► 1940 – Hitler attacks Belgium and Netherlands ► 1940 – Hitler attacks France ► Aug. 1940 – Hitler begins air war with Britain ► June 1941 – Hitler invades USSR

20. 1939 Neutrality Act 5 In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland. 5 FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way:  The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis.  FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enter. 5Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:  Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.  The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38 recession. 5America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”

21. More US Action ► US passes conscription law – Sept 1940  First peacetime draft ► Allies run out of cash ► Destroyer deal – US sends UK 50 Destroyers in exchanges for bases ► Lend-Lease – “send guns instead of sons” ► Atlantic Charter – FDR and Churchill  Self determination and disarmament ► Convoys – US destroyers escort merchant ships  Clash with subs

22. “Lend-Lease” Act (1941) Great Britain.........................$31 billion Soviet Union...........................$11 billion France......................................$ 3 billion China.......................................$1.5 billion Other European.................$500 million South America...................$400 million The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

23. Conflict in the Nation ► Anti-war, advocated the isolationist policy and complete neutrality ► Aimed to enforce the Neutrality Acts ► Prominent members:  Aviator Charles Lindbergh  Future President Gerald Ford  Publisher Joseph M. Patterson (New York Daily News) ► Pro-war, advocated aid to the Allies in the war ► Supported the Lend-Lease Act ► Prominent members:  Governor Adlai Stevenson (IL)  U.S. Representative Claude Pepper (FL)  Journalist William Allen White America First Committee Committee to Defend America (by Aiding the Allies)

24. Pearl Harbor

25. Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Plane

26. USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor

27. FDR Signs the War Declaration ► Pearl Harbor – Dec 7  3000 casualties ► War Declaration – Dec 11, 1941

28. What was the War Powers Act? ► 1 week after Pearl Harbor ► Granted the President power to:  Reorganize the federal government  Create new agencies  Est. programs censoring news and information and abridge civil liberties  Seize foreign property  Award government contracts w/o competitive bids

29. End of the War in Europe ► Stalingrad – turning point of the war (Sept – 1942)  Russians launch counteroffensive and push towards Germany ► 2 nd Front opened in North Africa - 1942  Led by Eisenhower – success  Hopped to Sicily – Mussolini is deposed, Italy surrenders  Germany keeps fighting in Italy ► D-Day – plan decided on in Tehran  June 6 1944 - Cross channel invasion of France  Led by Eisenhower

30. End of the War in Europe ► Paris was liberated in August 1944 by General Patton ► Aachen (1 st German city) captured Oct. 1944 ► Battle of the Bulge – Dec. 1944 -- last German offensive on Antwerp, Belgium ► Soviets reached Berlin in April 1945 ► Hitler committed suicide on April 30 ► Formal surrender -- V-E Day – May 8

31. The War in the Pacific ► The Japanese conquered a huge empire  Hong Kong  French Indochina  Philippines  Thailand  Burma  Much of China  Many islands of the Pacific

32. Bataan Death March ► Just hours after Pearl Harbor, the Japanese attacked the Philippines ► Forced US forces to the Bataan Peninsula ► FDR ordered Douglas MacArthur to leave  American commander  “I shall return”

33. Allies Turn the Tide ► Spring of 1942 ► Lt. Colonel James Doolittle led a raid on Tokyo ► Raised the spirits of the US

34. Battle of Coral Sea ► 5 day battle ► American and Australians stopped the Japanese push to Australia ► Fighting was done by airplanes that took off from aircraft carriers ► Japanese invasion was stopped and turned back  First time since Pearl Harbor

35. Battle of Midway ► Allies stopped the Japanese thrust toward Hawaii ► Americans had broken Japanese code and knew Midway was the next target ► Admiral Nimitz commanded the US fleet ► US defended the island

36. Battle of Midway ► Scout planes found the Japanese fleet ► Americans sent torpedos and bombers ► Japanese lost four carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planes ► Turning point in Pacific ► US began “island hopping”  Winning back territory from Japanese

37. Allies Go on the Offensive ► In Aug. 1942, Allies launched offensive at Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands ► Guadalcanal was bitter 6 month struggle ► First Japanese defeat on land ► Allies leap-frogged across Pacific to Japan

38. Battle of Leyte Gulf ► October 1944 – Allied troops and ships converged on Leyte Gulf in the Philippines ► MacArthur – “I Have Returned” ► Japanese threw their entire fleet into Battle of Leyte Gulf ► Japanese tested kamikaze technique  Pilots crashing planes into Allied ships  Suicide missions  Sunk 16 ships and damaged 80 others ► Despite damage done by kamikazes, Leyte Gulf was a disaster for Japanese  Lost 3 battleships  4 aircraft carriers  13 cruisers  500 planes

39. Iwo Jima ► Iwo Jima was crucial to US as a base to launch bombers to reach Japan ► Japanese troops were entrenched in tunnels and caves ► More than 6,000 Marines died taking the island ► Only 200 Japanese survived

40. Battle for Okinawa ► April 1945 – US Marines invaded Okinawa ► 1900 Kamikaze attacks sunk 30 ships and damaged 300 more ► 7,600 Americans died by June ► 110,000 Japanese died defending Okinawa ► Chilling taste of what a land war would be like on Japan

41. Manhattan Project ► Allied leaders wanted to avoid an invasion of the Japanese mainland  Truman – use atomic bomb? ► J. Robert Oppenheimer  Scientist directing the research ► Top secret development ► First test – desert in New Mexico

42. Decision to Drop the Bomb ► US warned Japan  Surrender or face destruction  Japan refused ► August 6 – Bomber named Enola Gay released an atomic bomb over Hiroshima (military center)  Hiroshima ceased to exist  Japan still refused to surrender ► August 9 – second bomb dropped on Nagasaki

43. Effects of the Bomb ► 200,000 people died of injuries and radiation poisoning ► Emperor Hirohito ordered the end of the war  VJ Day – August 15, 1945 ► September 2 – formal surrender ceremonies on US battleship Missouri

44. Occupation of Japan ► General Douglas MacArthur in command of occupation ► Japanese leaders were persecuted ► MacArthur reshaped the Japanese economy (free-market) and transformed the government  New constitution that guaranteed basic rights

45. Home Front ► Japanese Internment  Wave of anti-Japanese hysteria after Pearl Harbor  Upheld in Korematsu case ► US Economy Booms – GNP doubles  Massive military orders  Government intervention! ► War Production Board  No consumer goods, rationing ► Office of Price Administration  Fixed prices to offset inflation ► War Labor Board  Wage ceilings – no strikes

46. Wartime Migrations ► Migrations to West, Northwest  Mechanical cotton picker – no need for labor ► Seeds of Sunbelt were planted ► Explosive racial tension as a result  Zoot suit riots  Detroit race riots ► Exodus of Native Americans from reservations  To get jobs in cities, or military service “Code- talkers”

47. FDR’s 1940 reelection ► FDR v. Wendell Wilkie  Wilkie agreed with FDR for the most part ► Aid democracies ► FDR wins – should war come  FDR was experienced  Don’t change horses!

48. FDR’s 1944 reelection ► FDR v. Dewey (R) – gov of NY  More of a focus on the VP candidate  Ditched Wallace b/c he was “unpredictable”  Truman (Missouri Senator) was chosen  CIO campaigned for FDR ► Don’t pull the pitcher!