1. B5 Revision Growth and Development An accelerated revision resource

2. Revision IS important WARNING This PowerPoint is not a substitute for active revision using notes, the workbook and revision guide. You also need to do plenty of past papers to get exam practice. Good luck!

3. Growing and Changing We develop as we grow older Larger animals and plants are built of specialist cells arranged in particular ways You need to be able to name examples in each category for animals and plants CellsTissuesOrgansSystemsOrganisms Red blood cells Nerve cells Palisade cells Xylem cells Phloem cells Xylem tissues Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Blood Flower Biceps muscle Eye Leaf Root Lungs Root system Respiratory Skeletal Nervous Digestive reproductive Buttercup House fly Human Cat Dolphin Earthworm Oak tree

4. Single Cell to Fully Grown Human fertilised egg cells are called ZYGOTES After 10 days the zygote has 100 cells After 2 months the major organs have formed An adult human has about 10 14 cells In plants, growth is at the tips of roots and shoots in areas called MERISTEMS. There are also meristems to make the stems thicker and in side buds for when they grow

5. Growing Back Plant meristem cells are unspecialised and can continue to grow throughout the plants lifetime. Newts have spare unspecialised stem cells to allow them to grow back damaged or lost parts. Human stem cells are specialised e.g. for skin. Plants can be grown by using their meristems e.g. from cuttings. These are dipped in hormone rooting powder containing AUXINS to aid root growth. The new plants are clones.

6. Nucleus Revision Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs one set from mother one set from father) Human sex cells (Gametes) have 23 chromosomes Humans have about 30 000 genes Genes code for PROTEINS DNA can make an exact copy of itself Human red blood cells have no nucleus DNA

7. Mitosis – For growth and repair Interphase DNA divides Cell grows Organelles divide (Prophase) Chromosomes has identical copy attached to it Chromosomes become visible (Metaphase) Chromosomes line up in the equator (Anaphase) Chromosome copies separate Copies move to opposite ends of the cell (Telophase) New nuclear membranes form Cytoplasm divides 2 identical cells produced (also identical to parent cell) I Prefer My Aardvark Toasted

8. Don't forget about MEIOSIS A type of cell division that produces gametes It is important in meiosis that the cells produced only contain half the chromosome number of the parent cell. A zygote contains a set of chromosomes from each parent

9. Zygote Gametes Meiosis Zygote Gametes

10. Sexual Reproduction Involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sex cells) From any individual, no two gametes are the same. The chromosomes they have are a mixture of maternal and paternal ones Gametes have HALF the number of chromosomes that the rest of the body has Gametes are made by MEIOSIS which halves the number of chromosomes.

11. DNA Structure It has a DOUBLE HELIX structure There are 4 bases that always pair up in the same way (base pairing) Adenosine (A) with Thymine (T) Guanine (G) with Cytosine (C) It can make an exact copy of itself –Weak bonds between the bases split –A new strand starts to form on the free bases

12. Making Proteins Proteins are made up of amino acids There are about 20 possible amino acids to use 3 bases on the DNA code for a single amino acid (triplet code) mRNA forms on the untwisted DNA mRNA has Uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) mRNA moves out of the nucleus through pores Ribosomes attach to one end of the mRNA and as they move along amino acids are added to make up the protein

13. Specialised Proteins We have around 300 different specialised cells Genes are lengths of DNA and they make proteins Antibodies ProteinFound inProperty Keratin Strong and insoluble Elastin Skin Springy Nails, hair skin Tough but not very stretchy Skin Collagen Enzymes All cells, the gut Speed up chemical reactions AntibodiesIn the blood Defend against disease

14. Gene Switching The one-gene-one-protein theory 25 000 – 30 000 genes in humans In stem cells all these genes are switched on As some cells specialise some are switched off

15. Stem Cells Stem cells produced could be used to treat heart disease, diabetes, Parkinson’s and lots more

16. Phototropism Plant stems will grow towards the light. This is PHOTOTROPISM Plants growing towards the light Plants grown in normal light. Green and sturdy Plants grown in the dark. They are CHLOROTIC (yellow) and spindly (ETIOLATED

17. Auxins at Work More auxin goes to the dark side Auxin makes the cells grow faster LIGHT Conclusion – –Auxin is produced by the tip of the oat seedling LIGHT LIGHT

18. Questions What happens in the normal cell cycle? What happens during cell growth?What happens during cell growth? What happens during Mitosis?What happens during Mitosis? –Cell growth –Mitosis –Number of organelles increase –Chromosomes are copied by separating DNA strands and forming new strands –Copies of the chromosomes separate –The cell divides

19. More questions In which organs do cells divide by Meiosis? How many chromosomes are in the gamete if the parent cell has 46?How many chromosomes are in the gamete if the parent cell has 46? How many chromosomes does the zygote have? Where are they from?How many chromosomes does the zygote have? Where are they from? – Ovaries and Testes – 23 – 46 – A set from each gamete. (from each parent)

20. Questions Where is the genetic code found? Where are proteins made in cells? How does the code get into the cytoplasm? How many different bases are in DNA? How is the order of the amino acids in proteins determined? In the cytoplasm In the nucleus of every cell A copy of the gene carries the code (RNA) Four different bases, always pairing the same way The order of bases in a gene is the code

21. Cut stems from a plant can develop _______ in the presence of plant hormones (________) and grow into a complete plant which is a _______ of the parent roots auxins clone Plant Hormones

22.  Phototropism is _________________________. It increases the plant’s chance of _________.  Light causes ______ to move to the opposite side of the shoot tip. The cells on the side with more auxin grow ______. Phototropism the plant’s response to light survival auxin bigger

23. Questions Division of a cell by mitosis creates ____ cells. When do mammalian embryonic cells become specialised? How do cells control which proteins they produce? If animal stem cells can produce cells to replace damaged tissues, what can plant stem cells do? They can inactivate genes or reactivate inactivated genes. Develop into any type of plant cell two The eight cell stage