1. Pageant 34-36 Review

2. Eleanor Roosevelt Most influential first lady Champion of the dispossessed

3. Frances Perkins First female cabinet member- Secretary of Labor

4. 1932 Campaign Hoover- said recovery was just around the corner FDR- willing to try bold experimentation

5. 1932 Election FDR wins in a landslide African Americans shifted from Republican to Democratic

6. Hoover- early 1933 Wanted FDR to stick to anti-inflationary policies

7. Glass-Steagall Act Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure bank deposits FDR wanted to stimulate inflation with “managed currency”

8. Demagogues Huey P. Long- promised to give all families $5,000 Father Coughlin- anti-Semitic

9. National Recovery Act (NRA) Required too much sacrifice on the part of industry, labor and the public

10. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) Attempted to reduce farm production

11. Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 Reversed force assimilation Established tribal self-government

12. Federal Securities Act and Securities Exchange Commission Provide full disclosure of information Prevent insider trading with the NY Stock Exchange

13. Tennessee Valley Authority Tennessee Valley was a hundred years behind the rest of the US Improved Navigation, flood control and power from high dams Electrical Power- controversial aspect

14. Wagner Act of 1935 Gave labor the right to bargain collectively

15. Supreme Court After packing scandal, supported more New Deal Programs

16. Civilian Conservation Corps Worked on natural projects Men were required to send portion of earnings home

17. New Deal Provided moderate social reform without radical revolution or reactionary fascism

18. London Economic Conference Boycotted by FDR- felt it stabilizing national currencies would hurt US recovery

19. Soviet Union Recognized by FDR- viewed as a possible ally against Germany and Japan

20. Philippines Became an economic liability for the US

21. Good Neighbor Policy FDR viewed Latin America as allies to defend the western hemisphere against dictators

22. FDR’s Foreign-Trade Policy Lowered tariffs to encourage trade

23. American Attitudes 1930s- most Americans wanted to retreat further into isolationism By mid-1930s- support for a constitutional amendment requiring a popular referendum to declare war

24. Neutrality Acts Americans would not sail on ships of warring nations US would not sell weapons to any warring nations This style look familiar?

25. Spanish Civil War US remained neutral Spain became a fascist dictatorship

26. Jewish Refugees Not fully accepted by America US had a difficult time imagining the Holocaust could be happening

27. Tell How America Reacted to Pearl Harbor and Prepared to Wage War Against Both Germany and Japan. Danyelle Meleta Chelsey Wilson Kim Andress Justin Gillette

28. U.S. Reaction to Pearl Harbor Immediate shock and disbelief President Roosevelt, "a date which will live in infamy" Congress declared war on the Empire of Japan Converted to a war economy Sense of nationalism Recruitment campaigns Prejudice of Japanese Japanese Admiral Hamamoto, "I feel all we have done is awake a sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve." Roosevelt's second war message declares war on the remaining Axis aggressors.

29. Preparations for Waging War Against Germany Mostly unprepared for war against either Germany or Japan Roosevelt already set on defeat of Nazi regime Immediate and massive expansion of Armed Forces Naval patrols to prevent beliggerant ships in U.S. waters Roosevelt contemplated bases in Bermuda and the Carribean

30. Preparations for Waging War Against Japan Expansion of the U.S. fleet after Pearl Harbor President Roosevelt set in motion the construction of a Two Ocean Navy, a 50,000 plane air force, a 6 million man army, and the secret program to build an atomic bomb. The focus of military policy changed from continental to hemisphere defense. The United States used draft laws to build their armed forces.

31. Preparations on the home front The Lend- Lease bill became law on March 11, 1941. During the next four years, the U.S. sent more than $50 billion worth of war materials to the Allies. Factories in the United States converted from civilian to war production with amazing speed. Firms that had made vacuum cleaners before the war began to produce machine guns. As men went into the armed forces, women took their places in war plants. By 1943, more than two million women were working in American war industries. Rosie the Riveter became a common site in shipyards and aircraft plants!

32. Lack of Preparation U.S. underestimated Japanese Strength and Capability Two plans in preparation for possible Japanese agression o Navy had wanted to hold onto the Phillipines and Army wanted to write off the Phillipines To defend the Phillipine islands o General MacArthur had the equivalent of two divisions of regular troops -- 16,000 U.S. regulars and 12,000 Philippine Scouts. o Could call on Philippine militia, but they were untrained and ill equipped. o Lt. Gen. Walter C. Short's Hawaiian command held 43,000 Army troops, including two infantry divisions, coast artillery, air corps, and support troops In total about three divisions left to defend against Japanese Army

33. Fall of France US responded by passing a conscription law US gave GB destroyers in exchange for naval bases in the Western hemisphere Basically ended US neutrality US public opinion wanted to support GB, but stay out of fighting

34. FDR’s Third Term Broke with precedence established by G. Washington Completely constitutional at that point (22 nd Amendment passed later) Motivated by belief that US needed his leadership with impending international crisis

35. Lend-Lease Aid Available to Soviets after German invasion

36. Pearl Harbor Ended public reluctance to enter WW II

37. US Entry in WW II Public wanted revenge – no idea what the war was about Retooled industry for war production

38. Japanese Americans Viewed as possible saboteurs Relocated away from West coast

39. Synthetic Rubber Government commissioned production to offset loss of access to prewar supply in SE Asia

40. Women’s Roles in WW II Filled positions left by men heading to war Lead to day-care centers by the government

41. African Americans Rallied behind the double “V” Moved north and west in large numbers Fought in segregated units Formed CORE

42. National Debt Increased most during WW II

43. Chapter 36 Presentation Learning Objective #2 Tony Quaste, Ryan Simpson, Pat Eck, and Nick Williams

44. War Economy America moves to a War Economy- Total War " mobilization-the reallocation of a nation's resources for the assembly, preparation, and equipping of forces for war-had arrived." The Office of War Mobilization-1943 o Created many agencies which helped the war cause o Labor, Merchant shipbuilding, and food Provided jobs for Americans, who did not take part in the war. Provided Arms to themselves and other countries Lend-Lease Act

45. The War had helped bring America out of The Great Depression Improved the global Economy America became a well renowned Arms dealer America becomes an industrial superpower Rather than reverting to a consumer economy like before, America continues to function under a war economy. Men return to industrial jobs Women return to the women get their first taste of being a largescale workforce, some want more. Effects from WWII

46. Mobilization of Manpower for the Military Unlike other small scale conflicts, World War 2 required amounts of manpower previously unknown to Americans. A volunteer army was not enough, so a draft was instated. All men 18-64 were required to serve. In World War II about 50 million men were conscripted into the military during the massive draft that encompassed the time period.

47. Women-power in the Military Still restricted from being in a direct combat role. Women performed typical military roles, as well as some new ones. Hospital Doctors/Nurses Secretarial Jobs More than 1,000 women served as pilots associated with the US Air Force in the WASP (Women Air force Service Pilots) but were considered civil service workers, and weren't recognized for their military service until the 1970s.

48. Men in the Workplace During the time of world war 2 many of the men of the United States chosed to make their profession that of a soldier. The initial military buildup brought back to work many laborers who had been unemployed by the Great Depression. During the war, average weekly earnings rose nearly 70 percent. Heavy industry jobs almost always went to men and most of the skilled positions went to whites. Minorities became more attractive candidates for production jobs when white men left for sevice. Soon, both private employers and the government were encouraging minorities to move to industrial cities, and Mexicans to enter the United States

49. Women in the Workplace During World War II the percentage of American women who worked outside the hom at paying work increased from 25% to 36%. This was necessary since the majority of males left the workplace to go fight in the war and the government tried to make it seem that you can work and still be feminime. As one example in the American shipbuilding industry, where women had been excluded from almost all jobs except a few office jobs before the war, women's presence went to over 9% of the workforce during the war. Thousands of women moved to Washington, DC, to take government office and support jobs. Minority women benefited from the June, 1941, Executive Order 8802, issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt The large increase in the presence of women in the workforce also meant that those who were mothers had to deal with issues likechildcare

50. Effects on American Society Nick Check, Cam Goodell, Alyssa Malatesta, Danielle Ciocco (Not Ryan Simpson)

51. Race Relations in American Society Native Americans started to work in cities due to open positions in factories. Millions of Italian-Americans and German- Americans had loyally supported the nations war program. 110,000 Japanese-Americans were placed in Internment camps due to Washington's top command fearing.

52. Blacks After 1.6 million blacks leave the south to seek jobs in war plants in the West and North, race relations constitutes a national issue, not a regional issue. Tensions developed over –Employment –Housing –Segregated facilities

53. Continued… 1941-A. Philip Randolph, head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, threatened a massive, “Negro March on Washington” to demand equal opportunities for blacks in war jobs and the armed forces Roosevelt’s response-executive order forbidding discrimination in defense authorites Resulted in FEPC (Fair Employment Practices Commission)

54. Continued… Blacks were also drafted into the armed forces but generally were still assigned to service branches instead of combat units Subjected to petty degradations such as segregated blood banks for the wounded Overall war helped to embolden blacks in their struggle for equality Double V-victory over dictators abroad and racism at home

55. Even more continuing… NAACP membership grew to almost a half million CORE-Congress of Racial Equality formed in 1942 Mechanical cotton picker-invented in 1944 and the need for cheap labor in the south disappeared In the next 3 decades 5 million black tenant farmers moved north By 1970 half of all blacks lived outside the south Urban=Black

56. Women’s Roles Women began to sweep the workforce as they gained jobs in factories, “non-combat” military roles, and in the newly established 3000 day cares. 216,000 women employed in noncombat duties during WWII- WAACs (army), WAVES (navy), and SPARs (coast guard) More than 6 million women had jobs outside the house, in factories mostly, which caused day- cares to come about

57. Women Many women did not take up jobs outside the home but stayed in their homes. After the war 2/3s of women left their jobs and went back to their homes. Women made organizations like the USO to make soldiers feel at home when traveling from base to base; some volunteer groups hosted welcoming parties when the soldiers came home

58. Women Women pilots (WASP) performed flying duties in replacement for men so they could help the war effort Navy and Army Nurses were in enemy territory so they were in about as much danger as some of the men during the war

59. Regional Migration Shifted American migration because the soldiers who went off to war, having been exposed to new lands, they chose not to go back to their home when the war ended South experienced dramatic changes; 1.6 million blacks left the south seeking jobs in the war plants of the west and the north; after this, race relations became a national issue, not just regional (tensions everywhere arose over segregation in the workplace, housing, etc.)

60. Continued… By 1790, half of all blacks lived outside of the South, urban=black War industry moved people to big cities like L.A., Detroit, Seattle, and Baton Rouge Northward migration of African-Americans accelerated after the war, due to the invention of the mechanical cotton picker which did the work of fifty people for much cheaper; the cotton south’s need for cheap labor disappeared

61. Continued… War also prompted a departure of Native Americans from the reservations, thousands of Indian men and women found jobs related to the war in major cities while others joined the army In 1940 more than 90% of Indians lived in reservations, 60 years later, more than half lived in cities, largely concentrated in Southern California

62. Continued... 5 million black tenant farmers and sharecroppers headed north in the 3 decades following the war (one of the great migrations of American History) Native Americans, Navajos in specific, who served in the armed forces were valuable because they transmitted radio messages in their native languages that the Germans and Japanese couldn’t understand

63. Early Pacific Conflicts Japanese Successes to American Counters Kristen Myatt Chris Larkin Sierra Fox Phil Strunk

64. 4. Explain the early Japanese successes in Asia and the Pacific and the American strategy for countering them.

65. Initial Japanese Confrontation United States had the USS Panay harbored outside Nanking when the Japanese sunk it US was livid over attack Japan quickly apologized saying that they did not see the flags on the ship Sparked fear and anger toward the Japanese

66. Japanese Attacks Post-Panay Attacked Pearl Harbor Simultaneously attacked Guam and Wake with quick victories Took British Chinese port of Hong Kong Took Dutch East Indies British, Australian, Dutch, and US air forces were small in number; Japanese easily overcame them

67. Japan Gains Ground Invaded New Guinea Landed on the Solomon Islands Now Japan had forces just north of Australia Japan eventually threatened to invade Australia Battle broke out in the Coral Sea American forces with Australian support gave a harsh blow to the Japanese forces

68. American Responses to Quick Japanese Strikes Japanese took British Malaya - key supplier of rubber and tin US created factories and produces its own Japanese attacked Burma to cut Burma Road - no more American supplies to China US countered by flying supplies over the Himalayas

69. Assault on the Philippines No easy victory for Japan US took defensive position at Bataan with General MacArthur in charge MacArthur had to leave, and troops surrendered Bataan Death March: o 80 mi. march to POW camps

70. A Northern Invasion on the East Pacific Japan had control of Kiska and Attu, islands near Alaska America feared and invasion of the continental U.S from the north American defenses headed north to prevent the Japanese from invading

71. Japan tried to seize Midway Island o About 1000 miles from Hawaii America set out to halt Japan Naval battle near Midway was fought A small but skillful carrier force headed out to stop the invading fleet Japan was forced to break off the attack after losing 4 carriers Midway

72. America Gains Momentum MacArthur continued to defend New Guinea - protect Australia US attacked Japanese supply and troop carriers on mass scale Japanese causualties are 10 times higher than American

73. Island Hopping Bypassed fortified Japanese bases and set air fields on surrounding islands Destroyed Japanese bases by heavy bombing As Japanese bases withered, US continued forward Eventually Japan was left without key supply lines

74. Meanwhile in Los Alamos... With Japan left without key supply lines, the United States was reaching victory It was realized early on that the Japanese would not surrender, but fight to the death US scientists got together for a project that would shape foreign policy for decades to come

75. Learning Objective 5 Describe the early Western Allies' efforts in North Africa and Italy, the stratgic tensions with the Soviet Union over the second Front, and the invasion of Normandy Jesse Krop, Matt Carson, Tim Barret

76. North Africa November 1942, US troops landed and aided the British clearing North AfricaUS troops landed Allies tightened their grip on Morocco and Algeria T roops raced to reach strategic positions in neighboring Tunisia Tunisia Allies tightened their grip on Morocco and Algeria German-Italian Panzer Army pushed back into Libya GermanItalianLibya General Archibald Wavell launched a major attack, Operation Torch, which drove the Italians out of Egypt Operation Torch

77. Italy Allied forces were ready for the invasion of Sicily by early July General Eisenhower landed with 15th Army Group September 9, the Allies decided to invade ItalyAllies Allied invasion fleet consisted of 3,000 ships and craft carrying 140,000 men August 15 Randazzo and Taormina had been captured August 17 all Axis resistance in Sicily had ceased On July 25, Mussolini was forced to resign

78. The Soviet Union The Italy, German, and Japan forces signed the Tripartite Pact, creating the axis powers. o Soviets never join but are related to pact of non-agression However, on June of 1941, Germany launched operation "Barbarossa" which is considered to be Hitler's fatal flaw. o It created a second front for Germany and split their forces. Stalingrad,considered turning point of the war o On January 31, 1943, over 90,000 German troops at Stalingrad surrendered to the Soviets,making the signifigant to all the lives lost.  1,129,619 total casualties on soviet side.  500,000-850,000 Axis powers soilders killed.

79. S.U. and Germany War of the Rats, by David Robinsons

80. Invasion of Normandy began on June 6,1944. was the invasion and establishment of Allied forces in Normandy, France, during Operation Overlord in World War II. The invasion was the largest overseas operation in history. Juno, Gold, Omaha, Utah, and Sword.

81. By June 11, a week after the invasion began, 326,000 troops, 54000 vehicles and 104,000 tons of supplies landed. The allies had already established a strong firmhold in Normandy by June 30th and landed 1 million soldiers Casualties: o Allies: 120,000 o Germans: 113,000

83. Jeff Piotrowski Emily Avery Bridget Dooling Seth Dennis

84. FDR and Wallace FDR Decline in appearance Rumored health problems Wallace Was not wanted by party as president if FDR died Viewed as unpredictable and ill balanced liberal Served as VP for four years was hoping for reelection

85. Harry S. Truman Truman Missouri Smiling and self assured Nothing against him Had FDR’s blessing More conservative than Wallace

86. Dewey Took offensive because FDR was too consumed with war Denounced the tired and quarrelsome old men in Washington Wanted to keep same war policy After 12 years of New Dealism it’s a time for change!

87. Republicans criticize FDR Sending naval destroyer to retrieve his pet dog Fala For Failing health Opposed by newspapers because they were owned by republicans

88. Sweeping Victory FDR wins! 432-99 electoral 22,606,585-22,014,745 popular Primarily because the war was going well

89. Explain the Final Military Efforts that Brought Allied Citory in Europe and Asia and the Significance of the Atomic Bomb Iylas, Sean, Yosief

90. Europe Battle of The Budge o Dec 16, 1994- Hitler hurled his final reserve at thin American line o Allies pushed back in "budge" in line o 10 day attack haled after 101st Airborne Division stood firm at Bastion of Bastogne o Germans Surrender

91. Europe Con't March 1945- Americans reach Rhine River April 1945- Soviets reach Berlin o capture city April 12, 1945- Hitler commits suicide May 8- Victory in Europe Day

92. Asia Battle of Manila Battle of West Hunan Southwest China(1945) Borneo campaign Southwest Pacific(1945) Australia(Mors head) and Allies(Kinkaid) vs Japan(Kamad a, Masao) 8,000 vs 10,000

93. Atomic Bomb Strategists predicted invasion of Japan would cost hundreds of thousands American lives and more Japanese lives Japan refused to surrender Potsdam Conference - Berlin: July 1945 o Japan given Ulimatium  Surrender or Be Destroyed Japan would not surrender July, 1945 first A-bomb success in Alamogordo, New Mexico

94. A-bomb August 6, 1945 Bomb dropped on Hiroshima o 180,000 people killed, wounded, or missing o The Hiroshima prefectural health department estimates that, of the people who died on the day of the explosion, 60% died from flash or flame burns, 30% from falling debris and 10% from other causes

95. A-bomb August 9, 1945 Bomb Dropped on Nagasaki o 60,000-80,000 Killed

96. Coral Sea Saved Australia from Japanese attacks First battle where enemy ships never saw each other

97. 1942- Japanese Overextended themselves with territorial gains

98. Guadalcanal First Allied offensive in the Pacific

99. Midway Ended Japanese ability to fight an offensive war in the Pacific

100. Stalingrad Turning point in Europe Furthest extent of Nazi offensive in Russia

101. Unconditional Surrender Wanted to avoid a negotiated peace or armistice Eventually complicated problems of postwar reconstruction

102. Italian Campaign Attempt to attack Europe through the “soft underbelly” German army poured in and stalled the Allied advance

103. D-Day Cross Channel invasion of Normandy, led by Eisenhower Erwin Rommel- German in charge of defenses

104. Battle of the Bulge December,1944 Last German offensive of the war

105. Election of 1944 Positive war news helped FDR

106. Casablanca Conference FDR and Churchill decide to next invade Sicily

107. Potsdam Conference Ultimatum to Japan- surrender or be destroyed

108. Pros and Cons to Atomic Bombs Pros- Ended war quickly Saved US lives Probably saved Japanese lives Cons- Killed many civilians Was Japan ready to surrender already?