1. Production of Bio-Diesel Using Vegetable Oils P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi Maximize Yield & Quality ….

2. Characterization of Derived Bio-resources Pongamia oil De-oiled cake Shells

3. Straight Vegetable Oil Chemistry C 63 H 122 O 6

4. Straight Vegetable Oil Chemistry The molecular formula is a triglyceride molecule that contains multiple Carbon double bonds. A molecule with multiple Carbon double bonds tends to be more reactive under heated conditions than a molecule containing fewer or no double bonds.

5. Metathesis reactions for Molecular Cracking Also called Double-replacement reactions.

6. The Reaction The alcohol reacts with the fatty acids to form the mono- alkyl ester (or biodiesel) and crude glycerol. The reaction between the biolipid (fat or oil) and the alcohol is a reversible reaction so the alcohol must be added in excess to drive the reaction towards the right and ensure complete conversion. In general a titration is carried out to find out how much alkaline is needed to completely neutralize any free fatty acids present, thus ensuring a complete transesterification. Empirically 6.25 g/L NaOH produces a very usable fuel. One uses about 6 g NaOH when the VO is light in colour and about 7 g NaOH when it is dark in colour.

7. Reactor Mixture Vegetable oil Methanol NaOH Water washing Biodiesel Pure Biodiesel Water removal Separator Glycerol Crude Biodiesel Condenser Water in Water out Methanol Recovery Block diagram of the base catalyzed transesterification process of vegetable oil

8. Diagram of the Small Capacity biodiesel Reactor

9. Biodiesel reactor (~1000 ml capacity)

10. BIODIESEL REACTOR

11. Separating unit : Jatropha Bio-diesel

12. Water washing of biodiesel

13. Effect of the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on biodiesel yield and viscosity

14. Effect of methanol quantity on biodiesel yield and viscosity

15. Temperature ( o C) Base (g) Methanol (ml) Time (hr) Viscosity (cSt) % Yield 652722.53.7099 Corrected optimal values by changing the reaction time OPTIMAL VALUES FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

16. VISCOSITY TESTING FOR KARANJA,BIODIESEL AND DIESEL S no Name of the oils Quantity( ml) Temperature ( 0 c) Time (sec) Viscosity( cst) Remarks 1 Karanja oil 10040 60 80 198 122 93 20.5 13.2 10.0 With increase of temperature,viscosity decreases and more bright and lighter 2 Bio- diesel 10040 60 80 48.5 41 36 5.2 4.4 3.8 Darkness decrease in increase of temperature 3 Diesel10040 60 80 46 36 34 4.9 3.8 3.6 More bright in increase of temperature

17. Measurement of Calorific Value : Bomb Calorimeter

18. Comparison of Properties of Bio-diesel, Diesel and karanja oil. S/noName of oils CV Mi/kg Viscosity at 40 0 c (cst) Specific gravity (mg/ml) Flash point ( 0 C) Fire point ( 0 C) Cloud point ( 0 C) Pour point ( 0 C) 1Karanja oil 36.0020.180.921230270__ 2Bio-diesel38.024.70.875185225218 3Diesel43.474.20.825135150__

19. Comparison of Properties of Bio-diesel, Diesel and Jatropha oil. S/noName of oilsCV Mi/kg Viscosity at 40 0 c (cst) Specific gravity (mg/ml) Flash point ( 0 C) Fire point ( 0 C) 1Jatropha oil 39.6614.6 0.905209326 2Bio-diesel36.294.060.865185217 3Diesel43.474.20.825135150

20. Comparison of Properties of Bio-diesel, Diesel and Linseed oil. S/noName of oils CV MJ/kg Viscosity at 40 0 c (cst) Specific gravity (mg/ml) Flash point ( 0 C) Fire point ( 0 C) 1Linceed oil39.2029.40.903231244 2Bio-diesel40.133.850.850163176 3Diesel43.474.20.825135150

21. Comparison of Properties of Different Bio-diesels. S/noName of oils CV MJ/kg Viscosity at 40 0 c (cst) Specific gravity (mg/ml) Flash point ( 0 C) Fire point ( 0 C) 1Linceed40.133.850.850163176 2Jatropha36.294.060.865185217 3Karanjia38.024.70.875185225

22. Energy Audit of Sub-Species of Pongamia Fruit Collections : 1ton of Bio-Diesel Mass of produce: 6.3 tons (100%). Mass of Bio Diesel: 1 ton (16%). Mass of cake : 2.15 tons (35%). Mass of Shells : 3.15 tons(49%). Total Energy value of Bio-diesel: 38 GJ (30%) Total Energy value of Cake: 40.8GJ (32.4%) Total Energy value of Shells: 47.25GJ (37.6%)