1. Handheld Devices (portable but still explicit usage) Laptops Personal Digital Assistants (Palm, PocketPC) TabletPC Smart Phones

2. Palm VIIx Size: 5.25" x 3.25" x 0.75" Weight: 6.7 oz. Batteries: 2 AAA Processor: 16 MHz Motorola Dragonball EZ Memory: 8 MB PalmOS Version: 3.5 Flash ROM: Yes Expandability: None Price: $449 Additional Features: Wireless Internet Access

3. DaVinci

4. Palm IIIx Motorola MC68EZ328 Dragonball processor. On a single chip includes –68000 CPU –Real-time clock –PLL clock generator –Interrupt controller –General purpose I/O ports, DRAM controller, UART, Audio output, LCD controller

5. Palm IIIx (contd.) 68000 CPU –CISC core (1978 design) –4 cycles per instruction typical –No MMU (no protection!) DRAM Memory –4MB, implemented as two 2MB chips –60ns access latency

6. Palm IIIx (contd.) Flash Memory –One Fujitsu 29LV160B-90 2MB flash chip –Divided into 35 sectors that can be individuall erased –90 cycles for reads –Stores the boot code, Palm OS, and the non-volatile storage needed by applications

7. Palm IIIx (contd.) Peripherals on Dragonball chip –LCD controller Has a 4-bit interface to screen Screen is 160*160 pixels 1 is black and 0 is white –UART For serial cradle connector or IRDAs –SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) Synchronous port for interaction with touch-screen A/D converter –PWM Drives a transistor audio amplifier and in turn a piezoelectric speaker (8 bit audio streams)

8. iPAQ H3600 Hardware Intel StrongArm SA-1110 (206 MHz) 32 MB of SDRAM 32 MB of Flash ROM 4096 color reflective LCD Touch panel input Stereo audio output (to a jack) RS-232 port, USB port, expansion pack interface

9. StrongARM SA-1110

10. StrongARM system integration

11. StrongARM SA-1110 2.1 MIPS, 206 Mhz Normal Mode 240 mW @ 1.55V/133 Mhz, 400 mW @ 1.75V/206 MHz 32 way set associatve caches 16 KB I-cache, 8 KB write-back D- cache 32 entry I and D MMUs Read/Write buffer

12. Additional features in chipset Memory controller for ROM, flash, DRAM (SDRAM), SRAM LCD controller (1/2/4 bit gray scale or 8/12/16 bit color) UART, IrDA Touch-screen, audio port 6 channel DMA controller 2-slot PCMCIA controller, 12 Mbps USB controller 28 general purpose I/O ports, Interrupt controller Real-time clock with interrupt capability Power modes: Normal, Idle, Sleep

13. Memory Map Four main partitions of 1GB each –0x0 to 0x3FFFFFFF 4*238 MB blocks for static memory devices (ROM, SRAM, Flash) 2*256 MB blocks for PCMCIA Interface (socket 0 and socket 1) –0x40000000 to 0x7fffffff 2*128 MB blocks for variable latency I/O devices 768 MB of reserved space

14. Memory Map (contd.) 0x80000000 to 0xbfffffff –Contains all on-chip registers (peripherals regs, sys control regs, memory regs, LCD and DMA regs) 0xc0000000 to 0xffffffff –4*128MB of DRAM –1*128MB mapped within memory controller. –384MB of reserved space

15. Two crystals 32.768 Khz and 3.6864 Mhz Several frequencies can be generated from these by setting CCF (clock config. field) of power manager phase locked loop config. register (PPCR) Clock frequencies: 59, 73.7, 88.5, 103.2, 118.0, 132.7, 147.5, 162.2, 176.2, 191.7, 206.4, 221.2 MHz Remember Power = C*V^2*F 150us transition period when no response to external events and OS timer is stopped Clock rates of external devices should also be adjusted.

16. Memory Management Separate TLBs for instruction and data Each has 32 entries that can each map –Segment (1 MB) –Large page (8 KB) –Small Page (4 KB) Round-robin TLB replacement Data TLB Support (Flush all, Flush entry) Instruction TLB Support (Flush all)

17. Instruction Cache 16 KB, 32-way associative with 32 byte blocks Replacement is round robin within set I-cache operates with virtual addresses (both index and tag) Supports flush-all function

18. Data Cache 8KB, 32-way associative with 32 byte blocks. Round robin replacement in set Allocate only on loads Flush all, flush entry and copyback entry functions Works with virtual addresses 2 dirty bits per block for write-backs In addition, a mini-data cache, which can be used to hold data that can thrash in main data cache Mini data cache: 512 byte, 2-way

19. Data Cache vs Mini Data Cache Data can reside only in one of them and are searched in parallel Operation of load/store depends on B (bufferable) and C (cacheable) bits in MMU If C=1, data can be placed in either Normal or mini based on B bit for a load If B=0 (and C=1), load miss places block in mini cache If B=1 (and C=1), load miss places block in normal cache.

20. Write Buffer Can avoid stalling on writes Upto 8 blocks of data of 1 to 16 bytes at different addresses In the common case, writes are not merged in the write buffer

21. Read Buffer Four entry read buffer capable of loading 1,4 or 8 words per entry Allows software to preload data into them for use at a later time without blocking the processor Software can also specify which entry to use. Portion of a block can be in one entry while rest can be in another entry – but a word can be in only one entry. Data can be simultaneously present in D-cache and Read buffer. Data is returned from Read buffer and software has to handle coherence issues.