1. Solutions & Solubility Soluble: capable of being dissolved Solution: a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances in a single phase Solvent: the dissolving medium (something is being dissolved into it) Solute: the substance being dissolved *the solute is generally the substance present in smaller quantity

2. Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution 1.Increasing the surface area of the solute (crushing into smaller pieces) 2.Agitating a solution 3.Heating a solvent Solutions & Solubility

3. Solubility: the amount of a substance that is required to form a saturated solution with a specific amount of solvent at a specified temperature –Saturated: a solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute –Unsaturated: contains less solute than the saturated solution under the same conditions –Supersaturated: contains more solute than the saturated solution Solutions & Solubility

4. A solution is in solution equilibrium when dissolving and recrystallization are occurring at the same rate. Overall, it appears that nothing is going on, because the competing processes are occurring at the same rate This equilibrium occurs at the saturation point Solutions & Solubility

6. How many grams of NaNO 3 would dissolve in 100 g of water at 30˚C?

7. How many grams of NaNO 3 would dissolve in 245 g of water at 30˚C?

8. How many grams of NH 3 would be needed to make a saturated solution using 478 grams of water at 10˚C?

9. How much water is needed to make a saturated KNO 3 solution with 45 grams of KNO 3 at 50˚C?

10. 125 grams of water is used to make a saturated KNO 3 solution at 20˚C. How many more grams of KNO 3 could be dissolved if the temperature is raised to 50˚C?

11. Calculation of Molarity

12. How to make a molar solution 1)Figure out how many grams of solute are needed. 2)Add solute to volumetric flask of the appropriate volume. 3)Fill to the line with solvent and mix. **Notice that you are concerned with the total volume of the solution NOT the volume of solvent used.

13. If you have 3.50 L of solution that contains 90.0 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) what is the molarity of the solution?

17. A solution was prepared by dissolving 17.1 g of sucrose (C 12 H 22 O 11 ) in enough water to make 0.250 L of solution. What is the molarity of this solution?

18. Describe how you would make 200. mL of a 1.0 M NaCl solution.

19. A solution was prepared by dissolving 17.1 g of sucrose (C 12 H 22 O 11 ) in 125 g of water. Find the molal concentration of this solution.