2. Biology Objective 3 Demonstrate an understanding of the interdependence of organisms and the environment.

3. Biomes Identified by biotic and abiotic factors Biotic – The kinds of plants and animals that live in it. Abiotic – Nonliving characteristics such as soil type, rainfall amounts, and average temperature cycles.

4. Name the Biome Desert Temperate Forest Tundra Tiaga Tropical Rainforest Grasslands

5. What are they referring to? Biosphere – The entire area of the planet that supports life. Biome – An area defined by specific abiotic and biotic factors. Community – The groups of living things in an area and how they relate.

6. Which of the following must be available for aerobic respiration to take place? A Hydrogen sulfide B Oxygen C Carbon dioxide D Nitrogen

7. Ecology – The study of the relationships among living things Symbiosis is a close relationship between two living things. When both are helped it is called mutualism When one is helped and there is no effect on the other it is called commensulism When one is helped and the other is harmed it is called parasitism

8. Mutualism... Sharks are cleaned by a little fish known as a Remora. The shark never eats them since they clean bacteria off of the shark. Since both species are helped, this is mutualism.

9. Commensulism... Orchids live high in tree-tops on the branches of large trees. They do not harm the tree, but they are helped by being raised up into the sunshine and receiving water.

10. At one time large herds of bison roamed across the Great Plains. Brown-headed cowbirds often followed the bison, capturing and eating insects that scattered as the bison walked through the grasses. This relationship between the bison and the cowbird was — A predatory B competitive C commensal D parasitic

11. Parasites... Parasites harm or kill the host. A good example is a tape worm. It intercepts all of the hosts food, causing the host to starve to death.

12. 35 Clown fish are small reef fish that seek protection from predators by sheltering themselves among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and can potentially scare off predators of sea anemones. This relationship is an example of -- A neutralism B mutualism C parasitism D commensalism This is not a type of symbiosis Incorrect Neither is harmed so this is incorrect Means only one is being helped and the relationship has no effect on the other – also incorrect Since both are helped, it is of mutual benefit or

13. What is helped? Both the ants and the tree. This is the definition of:

14. Which of the following best describes a difference between a mutualistic relationship and a parasitic relationship? A Parasitism harms both organisms, while mutualism harms only one organism. B Parasitism benefits only one organism, while mutualism benefits both organisms. C Parasitism involves only two organisms, while mutualism involves many organisms. D Parasitism continues for many generations, while mutualism is limited to one generation.

15. All energy on the earth comes from the sun.

16. 18 Energy used by producers in a grassland food web is provided by- F sunlight G photosynthesis H oxygen J carbon dioxide Used by producers This is a process, not an energy source. H and J are elements which are types of matter, not energy. So our answer should be: F

17. Energy Diagrams At one end of the diagram are plants. They are called producers since they are capable of turning sunlight into food by photosynthesis. They pass 10% of the energy they absorb to animals that eat them.

18. Consumers 1 st Order Consumers eat only plants and are also called herbivores. 2 nd Order Consumers eat only animals and are called carnivores. 3 rd Order Consumers animals that eat other animals, they are also known as carnivores

19. 39 Wolves and hawks are at the same trophic level because they — A both live on land B are both large mammals C both eat primary consumers D have similar hunting patterns Trophic level Means 1 st, 2 nd or 3 rd Order Consumer

20. 10% Energy Rule – Only 10% of the energy moves up to the next trophic level. Decomposers

21. 43 Approximately how much of the energy available in the tissues of the producer is eventually incorporated into the tissues of a secondary consumer? A Less than 1% B Between 20% and 30% C Approximately 50% D More than 50% If we apply the 10% rule, 10% of the 1000 kcal of the plant is consumed or 100 kcal, and 10% of that is 10 kcal which is 1% of the original 1000kcal, but only 3 kcal is available to the tissues so it is A.

22. Food Chain – One of many feeding relationships in a community Arrows in a food chain show the direction of energy flow. This is not the only feeding relationship for these organisms. When several or all of the food relationships are shown it’s a...

23. Food Web

24. Food Webs Food webs attempt to show all the feeding relationships in a community. The direction of the arrows shows the direction of energy flow. At the bottom of every web and every chain is a plant. These are the only things that can turn sunshine into food.

25. 37 Which of these groups of organisms would most likely have accumulated the largest concentration of a long-lasting chemical pollutant in their bodies? A Phytoplankton B Zooplankton C Lake trout D Gulls Since the Gulls are at the top of the food web, they would have the highest accumulation of everything but energy.

26. Predator and Prey Prey are the animals that are eaten as a food source for the... Predator This is the hunter animal. The population of the predator must be less than the prey or they do not have enough food.

27. To increase the predator population you could do what? 24 Which of the following is most likely to cause increases in a predator population? F Fewer prey G A reduction in competition H More parasites J A period of drought Reduces available food – Nope! Less predators, they would be sick or dying! Less predators and prey, they’d be gone looking for water!

28. Carrying Capacity This is the maximum number of a specific population that an area can support with enough food and living requirements. It is shown by a line on population graphs for a specific species.

29. 2 Because of this animal’s adaptations, it would be most successful at — F competing with birds G making its own food H hiding from predators J running very rapidly

30. And the answer is? H hiding from predators. Its not a plant, so it can’t make food. It has no wings, so it can not compete with birds. Although it has long legs, it doesn’t seem balanced for running.

31. The long-term survival of any species of organism is possible only if the organisms can — A migrate when temperatures change B reproduce successfully C find protection from predators D locate a constant food source

32. Man’s Effects on the Environment Ozone O 3 is a protective layer at the top of the atmosphere. However, when it occurs near the ground, it is very harmful to all living things, it is SMOG

33. Man’s Effects on the Environment Global warming, also called the Greenhouse Effect is caused by excess burning of fossil fuels and destruction of our oxygen producing protista in the oceans, and deforestation on land. Less plants means less oxygen and more CO 2.

34. Evolution: The process of change over time. There are natural variations in all populations. As climate changes occur, and as pressures in terms of food, space, shelter and predation occur, some variations allow a species to survive. The members who survive, reproduce causing the change to become a characteristic of the species.

35. Speciation: Separation into new species. Geographic isolation can cause two different natural variations to become prominent causing 2 separate species. Reproductive isolation can have the same effect.

36. Homologous vs. Analogous Structures Homologous means they have the same origin, but may be different now. Example, the upper arm bones in dogs, cows, cats and monkeys. Analogous means they have the same function but come from different origins. Example, bird wings and wings of bats.

37. A hypothesis that two organisms from different species are related to each other is best supported by — A the presence of homologous structures B a similarity in diet C the presence of nitrogenous bases D a similarity in method of reproduction

38. According to this phylogenetic tree, which organism is most closely related to Organism V? A Q B U C W D X

39. Viruses Viruses are not alive because they can not reproduce on their own, and They do not grow and develop and They do not exchange with their environment

40. Viral Illnesses Measles, mumps, colds, influenza, Cold Sores, mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr virus are all illnesses that are caused by a virus. A Virus is has a coat, a strand inside of DNA or RNA, and some type of attachment appendage. AIDS is a Virus that attacks and destroys human T cells (immune cells)

41. Which of the following describes viruses? A Viruses avoid antibiotics in humans. B Viruses exist as single cells or groups of cells. C Viruses require a living host in order to reproduce. D Viruses have plasma membranes and capsids.

42. Bacteria Bacteria can cause illnesses too, however 90% of all bacteria is helpful, NOT harmful. Without bacteria, you would not be able to make or eat cheese or ice cream. Without them, you would be ill most of the time. Strep Throat and Staph infections are examples of bacterial infections. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections

43. How does using killed or weakened bacteria in an immunization help the body prevent infections? A Antibodies are formed that fight those types of bacteria. B The body develops a fever that kills beneficial bacteria. C Bacterial reproductive cycles are disrupted. D Bacteria-fighting viruses are activated.