1. Unit 1 Introduction to Chemistry Internet web site: www.unit5.org/chemistry Outlin e Outlin e PowerPoint Presentation by Mr. John Bergmann

2. Safety

3. Basic Safety Rules Use common sense. No horseplay. No unauthorized experiments. Handle chemicals/glassware with respect. Others: #1 Rule:

4. Safety Features of the Lab safety shower fire blanket fire extinguisher eye wash fume hood circuit breaker switch

5. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) gives information about a chemical -- lists “Dos” and “Don’ts;” emergency procedures --

6. Chemical Exposure a one-time exposure causes damage acute exposurechronic exposure damage occurs after repeated exposure reaction to drugs or medication e.g., smoking, asbestos

7. the lethal dosage for 50% of the animals on which the chemical is tested LD 50 There are various ways an LD 50 can be expressed. For example, acetone has the following LD 50 s: ORL-RAT LD 50 : 5,800 mg/kg IHL-RAT LD 50 : 50,100 mg/m 3 -h SKN-RBT LD 50 : 20 g/kg

8. Example Which is more toxic? Chemical A is more toxic because less of it proves fatal to half of a given population. Chemical A: LD 50 = 3.2 mg/kg Chemical B: LD 50 = 48 mg/kg

9. Science

10. The Functions of Science pure science applied science the search for knowledge; facts using knowledge in a practical way e.g., aluminum strong lightweight good conductor

11. Science attempts to establish cause-effect relationships. 

12. risk-benefit analysis weigh pros and cons before deciding Because there are many considerations for each case, “50/50 thinking” rarely applies.

13. How does scientific knowledge advance? 1. curiosity 2. good observations 3. determination 4. persistence

14. The Scientific Method

15. ** Key: Be a good observer. observationinference involves a judgment or assumption uses the five senses

16. Types of Data Observations are also called data. qualitative data quantitative data clear liquid -- -- e.g.,e.g., descriptionsmeasurements 55 L or 83 o C

17. Parts of the Scientific Method Identify an unknown. Make a hypothesis: a testable prediction Repeatedly experiment to test hypothesis. procedure: order of events in experiment variable: any factor that could influence the result (i.e., a recipe)

18. A Scientific Experiment conclusion: must be based on the data Experiments must be controlled: they must have two set-ups that differ by only one variable

19. Scientific Law vs. Scientific Theory law: Theory of Gravity, Atomic Theory states what happens tries to explain why or how something happens -- e.g., does not change law of gravity, laws of conservation never violated -- theory: -- e.g., -- based on current evidence

20. Phlogiston Theory of Burning 1. Flammable materials contain phlogiston. 2. During burning, phlogiston is released into the air. 3. Burning stops when… …object is out of phlogiston, or …the surrounding air contains too much phlogiston. (superceded by combustion theory of burning)

21. Chemistry

22. The Beginning The Greeks believed there were four elements. early practical chemistry: household goods, weapons, soap, wine, basic medicine earthwindfire water  ~ ~  ___ 

23. Alchemy Allegedly, this substance would turn cheap metals into gold. the quest for the Philosopher’s Stone (~500 – 1300 C.E.) (the elixir, the Sorcerer’s Stone) Alchemical symbols for substances….............. GOLDSILVERCOPPER IRONSAND

24. transmutation: we cannot transmute elements into different elements. changing one substance into another COPPER GOLD  Philosopher’s Stone In ordinary chemical reactions…

25. Alchemy was practiced in many regions of the world, including China and the Middle East. Alchemy arrived in western Europe around the year 500 C.E. Modern chemistry evolved from alchemy.

26. Contributions of alchemists: experimental techniques new glassware information about elements developed several alloys

27. What is Chemistry? the study of matter and its changes

28. Areas of Chemistry organic physical inorganic biochemistry studies everything except carbon e.g., compounds containing metals the study of carbon- containing compounds measuring physical properties of substances the chemistry of living things e.g., the melting point of gold

29. Careers in Chemistry research (new products) production (quality control) development (manufacturing) chemical sales software engineering teaching

30. The skills you will develop by an earnest study of chemistry will help you in any career field.

31. The Scope of Chemistry pharmaceuticals nylon, polyester, rayon bulk chemical manufacturing petroleum products synthetic fibers acids, bases, fertilizers fuels, oils, greases, asphalt 1 in 10,000 new products gets FDA approval spandex, **sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) = #1 chemical

32. All fields of endeavor are affected by chemistry.

33. Government Regulation of Chemicals The government regulates chemicals to protect the… OSHA worker FDA USDA FAA CPSC consumer EPA environment

34. Manipulating Numerical Data

35. Graphs

36. Bar Graph shows how many of something are in each category # of students

37. Pie Graph shows how a whole is broken into parts Percentage of Weekly Income

38. Line Graph shows continuous change Stock Price over Time you will always use a line graph. In chemistry…

39. Elements of a “good” line graph 2. axes labeled, with units 4. use the available space 1. title 3. neat

40. Essential Math of Chemistry

41. Scientific Notation -- used to express very large or very small numbers, and/or to indicate precision (i.e., to maintain the correct number of significant figures) Form:(# from 1 to 9.999) x 10 exponent 800= 8 x 10 x 10 = 8 x 10 2 2531 = 2.531 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 2.531 x 10 3 0.0014 = 1.4 10 10 10 = 1.4 x 10 –3

42. Put in standard form. 1.87 x 10 –5 = 0.0000187 3.7 x 10 8 = 370,000,000 7.88 x 10 1 = 78.8 2.164 x 10 –2 = 0.02164 Change to scientific notation. 12,340 = 1.234 x 10 4 0.369 = 3.69 x 10 –1 0.008 = 8 x 10 –3 1,000,000,000 = 1 x 10 9 6.02 x 10 23 = 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

43. Using the Exponent Key EXP EE

44. The EE or EXP or E key means “times 10 to the…” How to type out 6.02 x 10 23 : 6EE. 0322 6y x. 0322 x 16. 02EE320y x 32 x 16. 020 not… or… and not… How to type out 6.02 x 10 23 : 6EE. 0322 WRONG! TOO MUCH WORK.

45. Also, know when to hit your (–) sign. (before the number, after the number, or either one)

46. 4.3 x 10 –9 4.3 E –9or 1.2 x 10 5 2.8 x 10 19 But instead is written… = 1. 2EE5 92. 8 1 Type this calculation in like this: This is NOT written…4.3 –15 4.2857143 –15 Calculator gives… 4.2857143 E–15 or…

47. –6.5 x 10 –19 5.35 x 10 3 or 5350 2.9 x 10 23 7.5 x 10 –6 (–8.7 x 10 –14 ) = 4.35 x 10 6 (1.23 x 10 –3 ) = 5.76 x 10 –16 9.86 x 10 –4 = 8.8 x 10 11 x 3.3 x 10 11 = 5.84 x 10 –13

48. Essential Math of Chemistry

49. Units must be carried into the answer, unless they cancel. 0.64 kg-m s2s2 5.2 kg (2.9 m) (18 s)(1.3 s) = 4.8 kg (23 s) (18 s)(37 s) = 0.57 kg s

50. Solve for x. x + y = z – y x = z – y x and y are connected by addition. Separate them using subtraction. In general, use opposing functions to separate things. The +y and –y cancel on the left, leaving us with…

51. Solve for x. x – 24 = 13 +24 +24 x = 37 x and 24 are connected by subtraction. Separate them using the opposite function: addition. The –24 and +24 cancel on the left, leaving us with… Numerical Example

52. Solve for x. F = k x kk x = F k __ x and k are connected by multiplication. Separate them using the opposite function: division. () __1 k F = k x () __1 k (or) The two k’s cancel on the right, leaving us with…

53. Numerical Example Solve for x. 8 = 7 x 77 x and 7 are connected by multiplication. Separate them using the opposite function: division. () __1 7 8 = 7 x () __1 7 (or) The two 7’s cancel on the right, leaving us with… x = 8 7 __

54. Solve for x. ___ x BA = TR H ___ BAH = xTR One way to solve this is to cross-multiply. BAH = xTR Then, divide both sides by TR. The answer is… ___ BAH TR x = 1 TR () ___1 TR () ___

55. Solve for T 2, where… P 1 = 1.08 atm P 2 = 0.86 atm V 1 = 3.22 L V 2 = 1.43 L T 1 = 373 K P 1 V 1 T 2 = P 2 V 2 T 1 ____ T1T1 P1V1P1V1 = P2V2P2V2 T2T2 1 P1V1P1V1 () 1 P1V1P1V1 () T 2 = P1V1P1V1 ______ P2V2T1P2V2T1 132 T 2 = (1.08 atm)(3.22 L) _____________________ (0.86 atm)(1.43 L)(373 K) = K

56. SI Prefixes kilo-(k) 1000 deci-(d) 1 / 10 centi-(c) 1 / 100 milli-(m) 1 / 1000 Also, 1 mL = 1 cm 3 and 1 L = 1 dm 3

57. Conversion Factors and Unit Cancellation

58. How many cm are in 1.32 meters? conversion factors: equality: or 1.32 m= 132 cm 1 m = 100 cm ______1 m 100 cm We use the idea of unit cancellation to decide upon which one of the two conversion factors we choose. ______ 1 m 100 cm () ______ 1 m 100 cm (or 0.01 m = 1 cm)

59. How many m is 8.72 cm? conversion factors: equality: or 8.72 cm= 0.0872 m 1 m = 100 cm ______1 m 100 cm Again, the units must cancel. ______ 1 m 100 cm () ______ 1 m 100 cm

60. How many kilometers is 15,000 decimeters? 15,000 dm= 1.5 km () ____ 1,000 m 1 km 10 dm 1 m () ______

61. How many seconds is 4.38 days? = 378,432 s 1 h 60 min24 h 1 d1 min 60 s ____ ()() () _____ 4.38 d 3.78 x 10 5 s If we are accounting for significant figures, we would change this to…

62. Simple Math with Conversion Factors

63. Find area of rectangle. A = L. W = (4.6 cm)(9.1 cm) 9.1 cm = 42cm 2. cm 4.6 cm Convert to m 2. 42 cm 2 () ______ 100 cm 1 m 2 = 0.0042 m 2 Convert to mm 2. 42 cm 2 () ______ 1 cm 10 mm 2 = 4200 mm 2 cm. cm

64. For the rectangular solid: Find volume. Length = 14.2 cm Width = 8.6 cm Height = 21.5 cm V = L. W. H = (14.2 cm)(8.6 cm)(21.5 cm) =2600cm 3

65. Convert to mm 3. 2600 cm 3 () ______ 1 cm 10 mm 3 = 2,600,000 mm 3 = 2.6 x 10 6 mm 3 mm and cm differ by a factor of………. mm 2 “ cm 2 “ “ “ “ “ ………. mm 3 “ cm 3 “ “ “ “ “ ………. 10 100 1000

66. Basic Concepts in Chemistry

67. chemical: any substance that takes part in, or occurs as a result of, a chemical reaction All matter can be considered to be chemicals or mixtures of chemicals. chemical reaction: a rearrangement of atoms such that… “what you end up with” differs from “what you started with” products reactants

68. methane + oxygen  + H 2 O(g) carbon dioxide O 2 (g)CO 2 (g)CH 4 (g)+  water+ 22 

69. NaOH(aq) water Na(s)H 2 O(l)H 2 (g)2 sodium 22 hydrogen sodium hydroxide +  + +  + 

70. Law of Conservation of Mass total mass of productsof reactants P mass = R mass = synthesis: taking small molecules and putting them together, usually in many steps, to make something more complex JENNY

71. How many feet is 39.37 inches? applicable conversion factors: equality: or X ft = 39.37 in= 1 ft = 12 in ______1 ft 12 in Again, the units must cancel. () ____ 3.28 ft 1 ft 12 in ______ 1 ft 12 in

72. KEYS - Intro. to Chemistry WorksheetWorksheet - vocabulary Worksheet Worksheet - material safety data sheet (acetone) material safety data sheetacetone Worksheetmaterial safety data sheetacetone ActivityActivity - checkbook activity Activity WorksheetWorksheet - graphing graphing Worksheetgraphing WorksheetWorksheet - real life chemistry real life chemistry Worksheetreal life chemistry WorksheetWorksheet - conversion factors conversion factors Worksheetconversion factors WorksheetWorksheet - scientific notation scientific notation Worksheetscientific notation WorksheetWorksheet - metric article (questions) metric article (questions) Worksheetmetric article (questions) WorksheetWorksheet - significant digits significant digits Worksheetsignificant digits WorksheetWorksheet - math review Worksheet Worksheet - math of chemistry math of chemistry Worksheetmath of chemistry (general) Outline (general) Outline WorksheetWorksheet - article on the metric system article on the metric system Worksheetarticle on the metric system LabLab – introduction to qualitative analysis introduction to qualitative analysis Labintroduction to qualitative analysis TextbookTextbook - questions questions Textbookquestions

73. LabLab – introduction to qualitative analysis Lab Resources - Intro. to Chemistry WorksheetWorksheet - vocabulary Worksheet Worksheet - material safety data sheet (acetone) (acetone) Worksheet(acetone) ActivityActivity - checkbook activity Activity WorksheetWorksheet - graphing Worksheet Worksheet - real life chemistry Worksheet Worksheet - conversion factors Worksheet Worksheet - scientific notation Worksheet Worksheet - metric article (questions) Worksheet Worksheet - significant digits Worksheet Worksheet - math review Worksheet Worksheet - math of chemistry Worksheet (general) Outline (general)general Outlinegeneral WorksheetWorksheet - article on the metric system Worksheet TextbookTextbook - questions Textbook Episode 1Episode 1 - The World of Chemistry Episode 4Episode 4 - Modeling The Unseen Episode 3 Episode 3 – Measurement: The Foundation of Chemistry