1. All living things are made up of cells!
Prokaryotic
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotic
Animal
Plant
Protist
Fungi

2. All cells are made up of structures & organelles.
Structures provide support to the cell & its organelles
Organelles each have a specific “function” (job) within the cell
EX: the function of the nucleus is to control all cell activities
ALL CELLS HAVE THESE 5 THINGS:
Cytoplasm
Genetic Material (DNA)
Cell/Plasma Membrane
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton

3. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Simple
Small
Have:
Capsule
Cell Wall
Genetic Material in a Nucleoid
5 things in all cells
Structure for movement (pili, cilia, or flagella)
Large
Complex
4 different types
Have:
Cell wall (Plants)
5 things in all cells
Organelles
Genetic material in a real nucleus
Structure for movement (cilia or flagella)

4. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

5. Review ?s: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Which type of cell is simple and small?
Which type of cell has organelles?
Which type of cell has a true nucleus that stores genetic information?
Which type of cell has a nucleoid (scattered DNA)?
Which type of cell is protected by a capsule in addition to a cell wall & cell membrane?
Which type of cell does not have organelles?
What are the 5 things in ALL CELLS???

6. All living things are made up of cells!
Prokaryotic
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotic
Animal
Plant
Protist
Fungi

7. Eukaryotic Cells are large & complex.
PLANT CELLS
ANIMAL CELLS
Square
5 things in all cells
Structure for movement
Same organelles as an animal cell PLUS…
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Large Vacuole
Round
5 things in all cells
Structure for movement
Same organelles as a plant cell except…
NO CELL WALL
ONLY have a cell/plasma membrane
NO CHLOROPLAST
Small vacuoles

8. Review Questions: Animal vs. Plant
Which type of eukaryotic cell only has a cell membrane?
Which type of eukaryotic cell has a large, centrally located vacuole?
Which type of eukaryotic cell is round?
Which type of eukaryotic cell uses a chloroplast for photosynthesis?
Which type of eukaryotic cell is square?

9. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells

10. Cell Structures & Organelles
Things in the cell that do work – they each are VITAL to the cell because they have a specific function!

11. Structures Around the Cell
Capsule
Prokaryotic cells
Extra layer of protection outside of the cell wall & cell membrane
Cell Wall
Protective, outer layer surrounding cells. Only in PLANT & PROKARYOTIC cells.
Cell Membrane
In ALL CELLS
Made up of a phospholipid bilayer (REMEMBER: lipids make up membranes!)
Selectively permeable --- lets things in & out!

12. A Closer Look @ the Cell/Plasma Membrane
Lines ALL cells
Made up of a phospholipid bilayer
Hydrophobic (water fearing) tail
Hydrohphilic (water loving) head
Most of the cell membrane is hydrophobic
Selectively Permeable = ONLY lets things in that it NEEDS!!!

13. The cell membrane is selectively permeable.
Hydrophilic Head
Hydrophobic Tail
Most of the Cell Membrane is HYDROPHOBIC

14. 3 Ways that Cells Move! Cilia Flagella Pseudopodia Most common
Tiny hair-like structures surrounding the cell
Flagella
Tail on the cell
Shown in both prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells
Pseudopodia
LEAST COMMON
Cytoplasm extends out of the cell, sticks to surface, & pulls cell forward

15. Cell Organelles perform specific functions!
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Controls ALL cell activities
Brain of the cell
Located in the center of eukaryotic cells
NOTE: prokaryotic cells DO NOT have a nucleus
Center of the nucleus
Important in protein synthesis (creation of proteins)

16. Cell Organelles perform specific functions!
Lysosome
Ribosome
The “trash can” of the cell
Throughout the cytoplasm
Larger than ribosomes
Remove waste & dying organelles
Protein factories of the cell
RNA
Studded on Rough E.R.
Throughout the cytoplasm

17. Cell Organelles perform specific functions!
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
After the Rough E.R. (which is next to the nucleus)
Lipid synthesis
Steroid storage
Closer to the nucleus
Ribosomes studded all over it
Vital in protein synthesis… sends proteins to the Golgi Apparatus, which then go through the membrane to leave the cell

18. Cell Organelles perform specific functions!
Golgi Apparatus (Body)
Cytoplasm
Organize, package, & distribute molecules to the rest of the cell
Like a post office
Protective gel that surrounds the entire cell
Supports the organelles
Ribosomes live in this

19. Cell Organelles perform specific functions!
Chloroplast
Vacuole
ONLY in plant cells
Home of Photosynthesis
Chlorphyll (green pigment)
Food & water storage in the cell
PLANTS: Large & centrally located
ANIMALS: Small & all throughout the cytoplasm

20. Cell Organelles perform specific functions!
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Power house of the cell
Converts glucose into chemical energy (ATP) through cellular respiration
Network of filaments all over the cell that provide structure
Like the bones in a human body

21. Cell Organelle Flash Cards!
Make flashcards for the following organelles using your notes!
Remember put the name of the organelle/structure on 1 side & the definition/description on the other
Make a flashcard for the following:
Nucleus Cell membrane
Cell wall Capsule
Cytoplasm Nucleolus
Lysosome Smooth E.R.
Rough E.R. Golgi Apparatus
Ribosome Mitochondria
Vacuole Chloroplast
Cell Movement (cilia, flagella, pseudopodia)
Cytoskeleton

22. Molecules move in/out cells through the Cell/Plasma Membrane
REMEMBER: the cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer, that has a hydrophobic tail & hydrophilic head.
Hydrophobic = Water-fearing Hydrophilic = Water-loving
The majority of the cell membrane is hydrophobic, so hydrophobic molecules will pass through more easily.
EX: a lipid molecule will pass more easily than an H2O molecule

23. Facilitated Diffusion
Cellular Transport through the Cell Membrane can happen in a couple ways…
Cellular Transport
Passive
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Active
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

24. Passive Cellular Transport
Simple Diffusion
Movement from high concentration to low concentration
Easiest form of transport – hydrophobic molecules use this!!!
Facilitated Diffusion
Movement from high concentration to low concentration through a protein channel
Hydrophilic molecules use this form of transport – protein channels are special passage ways that let them in
Osmosis: Movement of water through a membrane from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

25. Passive Transport Examples

26. Active Cellular Transport
Active Transport
Moves against the concentration gradient by going from low concentration to high concentration
Requires ATP (ATP: stands for adenosine triphosphate energy bearing molecule found in all living cells.) to do this!
Endocytosis
The process that allows macromolecules to enter the cell (bulk transport)
Requires ATP (energy)
Exocytosis
The process that allow macromolecules to leave the cell (bulk transport)

27. So what’s the difference? ENERGY
Passive Transport
Active Transport

28. Osmosis Solutions are a mixture of a solvent & solute
Solute = solid item in a solution (EX: salt)
Solvent = liquid solute is dissolved in (EX: water)
Solution EX: salt water
The movement of water in the direction of the greater amount of solute concentration
EX: if a cell was in a cup full of salt water, the water in the cell will move out of the cell to the solution, making the cell shrivel
Type of passive cellular transport BUT ONLY INVOLVES WATER!

29. Why does cellular transport happen?
Cells NEED molecules in order to stay alive & healthy (EX: cells need oxygen)
Cells sometimes have too much of a molecule & will burst if they don’t get rid of it
If the cell & the outside environment are in equilibrium, cellular transport will not happen

30. Chemical Reactions in the Cell
There are major chemical processes that happen in the cell that allow cells & organisms to function.
(1) Photosynthesis (2) Cellular Respiration

31. How do organisms get energy?
EATING & DRINKING!
In the food web of life there are producers & consumers
Plants = Producers
Producers use photosynthesis to make their own food!
Animals, humans, etc = Consumers
Consumers eat producers or eat other consumers who eat producers…so consumers need photosynthesis to happen!

32. Photosynthesis Reactants (inputs) = Air (CO2), H2O, Light Energy
Products (outputs) = Carbohydrate (Glucose) & Oxygen (O2)
Chloroplasts, location of photosynthesis, in plant cells absorb energy from the sunlight
Purpose: convert solar energy into sugar (energy)

33. Photosynthesis (continued…)

34. Cellular Respiration allows consumers to use the energy from Photosynthesis!
Reactants (inputs) = Glucose & Oxygen
Products (outputs) = H2O, CO2, ATP (energy)
Purpose = convert glucose produced from Photosynthesis into energy that our cells can use (ATP)
Takes place in the mitochondria

35. Cellular Respiration (continued…)