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Levels of Organization
Organ System 2 Organism 1 Cell 5 Organelle 6 Organ 3 Tissue 4 PAGE 3
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What are the differences between plant & animal cells?
circular shape square shape large vacuole centriole chloroplasts cell wall small vacuole PAGE 3
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Biotic vs Abiotic PAGE 4 mushroom maple tree soil sunlight oxygen
earthworm human PAGE 4
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How do little elephants grow up to be BIG elephants?
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Why do animals shed their skin?
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Living Organisms have a Life Cycle
1. Begins with the organism’s formation 2. Followed by growth & development 3. Ends in death PAGE 4
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B. Cells also have life cycles.
C. The cell cycle is a series of events that takes place from one cell division to the next. PAGE 4
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Red blood cells Skin cells
It takes different cells different amounts of time to complete a cell cycle Some cells constantly repeat the cycle a. example: Red blood cells Skin cells PAGE 4
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DNA (chromosomes) are duplicated
Cell growth Interphase DNA (chromosomes) are duplicated Cytokinesis Telophase Anaphase Cell prepares for division Metaphase Prophase Mitosis
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Cell Division Responsible for: Growth Repair Replacement Reproduction
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1. Mitosis a. Part of a larger cell cycle
b. Occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells c. Responsible for growth and repair, replacement. d. Replaces the entire lining of the small intestine
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Liver cells only divide for repairing
2) Nerve cells do not divide 3) New cells arise by division of existing cells; Resulting cell is capable to divide again
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Mitosis Notes Cell division occurs in a series of stages or phases PAGE 6
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Preparation for mitosis:
Interphase not a part of mitosis genetic material is (doubled)duplicated.
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CELL MEMBRANE Nucleus PAGE 6 Cytoplasm
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Interphase Plant Cell Animal Cell PAGE 6
Photographs from:
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1. Prophase Mitosis begins nuclear envelope disappears
chromosome pairs appear and spindle fibers form between the poles
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Prophase Sister chromatids Centrioles Spindle fibers PAGE 6
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Prophase Plant Cell Animal Cell Spindle fibers Centrioles
Photographs from:
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2. Metaphase Chromosome pairs line up in the middle of the cell
Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers PAGE 6
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Metaphase Centrioles PAGE 6 Spindle fibers
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Metaphase Plant Cell Animal Cell
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3. Anaphase Chromosomes separate & are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
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Anaphase Centrioles Spindle fibers PAGE 6
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Anaphase Plant Cell Animal Cell
Photographs from:
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4. Telophase nuclear envelope forms again
chromosomes begin to separate begin to see two cells mitosis ends
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Telophase Nuclei Nuclei Chromatin
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Telophase Plant Cell Animal Cell
Photographs from:
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Cytokinesis Cytoplasm divides cell membrane moves inward
(animal cell) to create 2 daughter cells each cell has its own nucleus with identical nuclei
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Cytokinesis (animal cell)
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Cytokinesis:Pinching In
ANIMAL CELLS
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Cytokinesis Cytoplasm divides cell plate forms in the middle of the cell (plant cell) each cell has its own nucleus with identical nuclei
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Cytokinesis (plant cell)
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Cytokinesis: Cell plate
ANIMAL CELLS
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Pink Mice Are Totally Cute
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Mitosis Animation http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
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Mitosis in Plants
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Animal Mitosis -- Review
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
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Plant Mitosis -- Review
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
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2. Meiosis a. Cell divides twice to become a gamete (sex cell)
b. Will not divide any further until fertilization.
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E. There are two types of reproduction among living organisms.
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1. Asexual Reproduction – a new organism is produced from one organism.
a. The new organism has hereditary material identical to the parent. PAGE 8
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PAGE 8 Name of organism Type of Asexual Reproduction potato budding
Strawberry plant runners Hydra Sea star, planaria, sponges regeneration PAGE 8
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F. Sexual Reproduction 1. Two sex cells join to form a zygote, which will develop into a new organism that is not identical to the parents. There are two types of sex cells. Page 9
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1. Sperm are made in the male reproductive organs, called the testes.
2. Eggs are made in the female reproductive organs called the ovaries. Eggs Page 9
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This is called fertilization.
3. Sperm + Egg zygote This is called fertilization. + haploid haploid = diploid = Page 9
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46 chromosomes 23 chromosomes
Cells Body Sex Diploid Haploid 46 chromosomes chromosomes Page 10
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Meiosis allows the creation of unique individuals through sexual reproduction.
2. Meiosis – produces four haploid sex cells from one diploid cell, this makes sure that offspring will have the same number of chromosomes as the parent organisms. Page 10
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3.What is the difference between diploid & haploid?
a. diploid – cell whose similar chromosomes occur in pairs (2n) b. haploid – cell that has half (n) the number of chromosomes as body cells. Page 10
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46 Chromosomes (diploid) 23 Chromosomes (haploid) Heart Cell
Draw this table in your notes on the bottom of page 10. 46 Chromosomes (diploid) 23 Chromosomes (haploid) Heart Cell Muscle Cell Stomach Cell Liver Cell Egg Cell Skin Cell Sperm Cell Page 10
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Let’s Practice! Organism Diploid Number Haploid Number Mouse 20
Chicken 78 Tomato 12 Housefly Human 46 40 39 24 6 23 Page 11
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic Acid Contains the genetic information: located in the nucleus Shape of it is a double helix: looks like a spiral staircase DNA is made up of many repeating units called nucleotides Twisted ladder Nitrogenous Base Phosphate group 5 carbon sugar
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DNA Structure – Watson and Crick (1953)
Rosalind Franklin X-Ray photo of DNA (1952)
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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
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What is a nucleotide? Thymine T Adenine A Guanine G Sugar (5 carbon)
Phosphate group Nitrogenous base (there are four bases) Cytosine C Thymine T Adenine A Guanine G
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Each base has a compliment
Each base has a compliment. That means that it normally bonds with another base. For example: A always bonds with T C always bonds with G These four bases are abbreviated by using their respective first letters.
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Phosphate group A T 5 carbon sugar Hydrogen bond T A C G C G Nitrogenous base nucleotide
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Let’s Practice C- G- T- C- T- A- A- T- G-G- G C A T T- C- G- A- C-C- A
Original Strand Complimentary Strand
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Chromosome Number
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Transcription Translation Protein Trait DNA RNA RNA processing
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Making Proteins DNA RNA Protein Step 1: DNA replication
Step 2: RNA synthesis (Using a piece of DNA to make RNA, called transcription) Step 3: Amino acids form proteins (called translation) DNA RNA Protein
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RNA Contains the sugar ribose
Is single-stranded Contains the sugar ribose Has the base U (uracil) instead of T (thymine) There are 3 types: mRNA – messenger RNA rRNA – ribosomal RNA tRNA – transfer RNA
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Making a protein from the plans in the DNA is a two step process.
Transcription: A messenger RNA copy of the gene is made. Translation: The mRNA is sent to a ribosome where a protein is made.
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