1. Semester 2, Day 9 Genetic Engineering

2. Agenda  Review for Cell Specialization, Gene Expression, and Mutations Quiz  Homework should already be turned in!  Quiz for Cell Specialization, Gene Expression, and Mutations  Lecture for Genetic Engineering and Cloning  Work/Reading Time

3. Review for Quiz  Examples of different types of cells  Define gene expression  Define cell specialization  How are gene expression and cell specialization related?  Describe Day 0: zygote formation  Describe Day 4: Morula formation  # cells  Totipotent or pluripotent?  Describe Day 8: Blastocyst formation  # cells  Totipotent or pluripotent?  Structure?  which parts eventually becomes what?  Define mutation. Define mutagen.  Point mutations: silent and not silent.  Frameshift mutations: insertion and deletion  Which is more destructive: point or frameshift? Why?  Which is more dangerous: a mutation in a sex cell or in a heart cell? Why?

4. Quiz  Cell Specialization, Gene Expression, and Mutations  Reminders:  Silent during quiz  Eyes on your own paper  When finished, flip it over

5. Glowing Rats

6. Genetic Engineering  Genetic Engineering: technology that changes the genetic material of an organism.  Transgenic Organism: A gene from Organism B is inserted into Organism A’s DNA (Organism A is the transgenic organism)

7. Genetic Engineering  Transgenic Organisms: Plant Example  A bacterium: Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA: “transfer DNA” Zoom T-DNA Ti-Plasmid Bacterial Chromosome 1 23 Bacterium Plant Cell Transformed Plant Cell Bacterium inserts its T-DNA into plant cell T-DNA integrates into plant cell’s DNA

8. Genetic Engineering Plant express T-DNA  produces gall cells that make amino acids that bacterium uses as food  Genetic Engineering in Nature Image Source: www.mun.ca

9. Genetic Engineering  Genetic Engineering in the Lab Image Source: www.mun.ca

10. Genetic Engineering  Inserting foreign genes into an organism’s DNA has had medical benefits and is just super cool!  Rice w/ Vitamin A  Apples w/ vaccination for pneumonia  Mice w/ GFP (green fluorescent protein)  Glowing!  Goats w/ spider web milk  Eggs w/ cancer-fighting proteins  Banana w/ vaccination for hepatitis B  Goats w/ vaccination for malaria

11. Genetic Engineering  All cells in an organism should have the exact same DNA as the very first cell (transgenic zygote)  Mitosis  Therefore, to create a transgenic organism, the foreign DNA must be inserted into the fertilized egg (zygote) Foreign DNA Zygote Transgenic Zygote This cell divides until it makes a whole organism Image Source: www.bbc.co.uk

12. Genetic Engineering  Cloning: making an organism that is genetically identical to another. Image Source: www.accessexcellence.org

13. Reading/Work Time  Chapter 13 Cornell Notes  Questions:  13.1 #1-5  13.2 #1-5  13.3 #1-5  Chapter 13 Assessment #1-15, 17-21