2. Rhythmic Complexity  Nonsymmetrical patterns based on odd numbers (5,7,11, or 13 beats per measure)  Constantly changing meters  Polyrhythm (simultaneous use of two or more rhythmic patterns)

3.  Composers rejected the neatly balanced phrases of earlier music  Melody was no longer the focus of a composition.  Composers tried to make the instruments sing  Melody is no longer conceived in relation to the voice Music Clip

4.  Polychords (simultaneous sounding of two or more different chords; creating untraditional harmonies and tension in music. Music Clip Tutorial

5.  Atonal- music with no key center  Polytonal– A composition in two different keys played simultaneously  Twelve-Tone Row (Serialism)- A method of composing by Arnold Schoenberg, where equal importance is given to the 12 tones of the chromatic scale, by placing them in an organized series. Twelve-Tone Row  This method shattered all western ideals of tonal harmony by making dissonance (with no resolution to consonance) the norm Music Clip

6.  A French Movement developed by painters who tried to capture their “first impression” of a subject through varied treatments of light and color Impression: Sun Rising Claude Monet

7.  Composers used vague outlines of melody and rhythm to paint pictures with their music  Composers used new scales and harmonies to create mood and atmosphere  Composers began to use dissonance more freely to create tension Claire de LuneClaire de Lune, Debussy

8.  The most important French composer of the early 20 th Century.  Attended the Paris Conservatory at age 11.  Shocked his professors with his bizarre harmonies that broke the traditional rules of composition  Created a distinctive new style of writing for the piano, using non-western scales  Called the “father of modern music”  Died during a bombardment in Paris,1918

9.  The German response to French Impressionism  Sought to represent the world in a distorted way, to evoke mood, ideas, and extreme emotion  Emerged as an avant-garde movement in poetry and painting. The Scream, 1893 Edvard Munch

10.  Generally characteristic of Schoenberg’s atonal music and the twelve-tone system  Sought to express the subconscious through highly dissonant music

11.  Born in Vienna, Austria  Began to study the violin at 8 years old, and soon after begin composing  Received only a few months of musical training  Created 12-tone system at age 50  Emigrated to America after Hilter’s rise to power and taught at UCLA  Considered the first “great” teacher since Bach.

12.  Early music reflected the Romantic style, staying within the boundaries of tonality. Transfigured Night  In his second period, he abolished the distinction between consonance and dissonance and any sense of a home key. This period marked him as an atonal-Expressionist.  The high point of this period was the piece, (sprechstimme) Pierrot LunairePierrot Lunaire

13. The Gaze (1910) Schoenberg The Scream (1893) Edvard Munch

15.  Continued use Schoenberg’s 12-tone system  Neo-Classicism  Electronic Music  Aleatoric Music (Chance Music)

16.  Composers returned to forms and techniques from the Baroque and Classical era, as a vehicle for expressing ideas.  Characterized by order, balance, clarity, and emotional restraint  A reaction against the unrestrained emotionalism of the Romantic Period  Brought more order to the increasing experimental forms of the early 20 th century Pulcinella, ballet by Igor Stravinsky

17.  Russian composer, who experimented boldly with rhythm  Explored the percussive use of dissonance, polyrhythms and polytonality  His style evolved continuously throughout his career  Composed using Neoclassical and 12-tone techniques  Early works are strongly nationalistic, including his ballet, The Rite of Spring

18.  Subtitled “Scenes of Pagan Russia”  It’s premiere performance in1913 sparked one of the most famous classical music riots In history  The choreography was primitive and sensual  The dissonance was percussive  The piece featured polyrhythms and polytonality Sacrificial Dance

19. This Matisse painting is suggestive of a primitive dance, inspired by the Rite of Spring

20.  Musique Concrete Began in Paris in the late 1940s and used natural sounds (including musical instruments) recorded on magnetic tape as a new medium for composition  Once recorded, the sounds were manipulated by various means (changing the playback speed, reversing the direction of the tape, etc) Musique Concrete Video

21.  Electronische Musik Began in Germany in the early 1950s and created compositions using electronically generated sounds  This paved the way to keyboard synthesizers. One of the most widely used was the Moog Synthesizer created by Robert Moog.Moog Synthesizer

22.  Also referred to as “Chance Music” rebelled against Schoenberg’s stricter organization of the 12-tone system.  Sought to achieve a greater, even total, freedom from all predetermined forms and procedures.  In Aleatoric music some element of the composition is left up to choice or chance (clip)(clip)  Composers may opt to throw dice to determine rhythm and melody, or perhaps base their compositions on a series of random numbers  Generated by a computer.

23.  Born in Los Angeles, and attended Pomona College  Exhibited an early interest in non-Western scales  A pioneer in aleatoric music (4’33 secs)  Cage was a student of Arnold Schoenberg  Discovered that the division between consonance and dissonance had given way to a new opposition between music and noise.  Invented music for “prepared piano”, to resemble the sound of a Javanese gamelan from Indonesiaprepared pianoJavanese gamelan