1. Music 1900-1945 MODERNISM

2. But first... A PRELUDE TO MODERNISM...

3. DEBUSSY

4. listening example Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun (Prelude a l'apres-midi d'un faune) (1894) -- inspired by a poem inspired by a painting of a Classical mythical story -- exoticism, mythical pastoral -- ambiguous (vague?) harmony -- very little, if any, recognizable conventional or traditional form -- very well received at its premiere by the public; it baffled the musical establishment -- emphasis on sonority (timbre & colorful harmony) -- called Impressionist, although Debussy hated the term

5. Music 1900-1945 MODERNISM

6. TRENDS DISSONANCE “LIBERATED” “PRIMITIVISM” – MORE GENERALLY: FOLK MUSIC, AN ALTERNATIVE TO STANDARD PATTERNS & FORMULAS CHAOTIC SURFACES, CONSISTENT INNER WORKINGS EXPRESSIONISM IRONY & DISTANCE – dissimulation

7. Dissonance as sonority LISTENING EXAMPLES CHOPIN Prelude No. 2 TEXTBOOK CD EXAMPLE: SCHOENBERG Etwas Rasch (somewhat fast) from Six Little Piano Pieces, Op. 19 (1911) LISTENING EXAMPLES CHOPIN Prelude No. 2 TEXTBOOK CD EXAMPLE: SCHOENBERG Etwas Rasch (somewhat fast) from Six Little Piano Pieces, Op. 19 (1911) (previously, 1600-1900 – dissonance is functional, functioning to drive melody and harmony forward)

8. Stravinsky The Rite of Spring (Le Sacre du printemps) (1913; for very large orchestra) -- a ballet with a story line written in part by an anthropologist -- interested in primitive or exotic materials; what is behind the mask of civilization?

9. Stravinsky The Rite of Spring -- radically new: non-tonal, harsh unresolved dissonance, percussive, brilliant orchestral effects, extreme ranges, rhythmically and metrically very irregular and quite innovative -- a riot (somewhat staged) at its premiere; much publicity ensues

10. Stravinsky’s drawing

11. Serialism developed by Arnold Schoenberg An order of the 12 possible chromatic pitches is the basis of the organization of a piece of music, not a key or tonality or a scale Schoenberg & his 2 pupils, Alban Berg & Anton Webern, become “known” as the 2 nd Viennese School

12. Schoenberg Listening example: Suite, Op 29, 1925 For 3 clarinets & 3 strings & piano Uses “12-tone” method of composition Blue self-portrait, 1910

13. Schoenberg amateur Expressionist painter The Red Gaze, 1910

14. Webern STUDIED WITH SCHOENBERG STUDIED EARLY MUSIC – HE WENT BACK TO MACHAUT, JOSQUIN AND OTHERS Modernist; very influential in the European avant-garde and among American academic composers, particularly in the 1950s; virtually unknown to the general public

15. Webern – listening example first movement of Symphony, Opus 21 (1928) -- serialism -- emotionally concentrated, like feelings frozen into a crystal -- very short (only two movements) -- very small orchestra (can be played by as few as 9 instruments) -- premiere at a society for private performances of music in Vienna

16. Stravinsky 3 periods: Russian (Primitivist) Neo-Classical Late (Serialist)

17. Stravinsky - Picasso 3 periods: Russian (Primitivist) Neo-Classical Late (Serialist) several periods: Primitivist Cubist Neo-Classical

18. Picasso, Femme Neo-classical

19. Neo-Romanticism BACKWATER OR MAINSTREAM? SAMUEL BARBER Adagio for Strings, 1936

20. Modernism – Romanticism intensified? Folk interest/exoticism  primitivism Demons  Subconscious? (inner demons) Artist as prophet  Artist as prophet Artist as outsider/rebel  Artist as outsider/rebel What is new?  What is New? Historicism?

21. TRENDS DISSONANCE “LIBERATED” “PRIMITIVISM” – MORE GENERALLY: FOLK MUSIC, AN ALTERNATIVE TO STANDARD PATTERNS & FORMULAS CHAOTIC SURFACES, CONSISTENT INNER WORKINGS EXPRESSIONISM CHAOS v. ORDER