1. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. CHAPTER 7 Muscles and Joints

2. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Muscles Overview Muscles support and maintain body posture through a low level of contraction Skeletal muscles produce a substantial amount of heat when they contract

3. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Types of Muscles Skeletal –Attaches to the bones of the skeleton –Voluntary/striated –Operates under conscious control Smooth –Called visceral muscle –Involuntary/not striated –Not under conscious control

4. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Types of Muscles Cardiac –Forms the wall of the heart –Involuntary

5. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Attachment of Muscles Tendon –Attaches muscles to bones Point of origin –Point of attachment of the muscle to the bone that is less movable Point of insertion –Point of attachment to the bone that it moves

6. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Attachment of Muscles

7. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question True or False: Of the 3 types of muscle, cardiac is the only one that is voluntary.

8. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Muscles of the Head and Neck Buccinator –Located in fleshy part of cheek Temporal –Located above and near the ear Masseter –Located at the angle of the jaw –Raises the mandible and closes the jaw

9. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Muscles of the Head and Neck Sternomastoid –Also called the sternocleidomastoid –Extends from the sternum upward along the side of the neck to the mastoid process

10. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Muscles of the Upper Extremities Trapezius –Triangular-shaped muscle –Extends across the back of the shoulder –Covers back of neck –Inserts on clavicle and scapula

11. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Muscles of the Upper Extremities Latissimus dorsi –Originates from vertebrae of lower back –Crosses lower half of thoracic region –Passes between humerus and scapula –Inserts on anterior surface of humerus –Forms the posterior border of the armpit

12. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Muscles of the Upper Extremities Pectoralis major –Large, fan-shaped muscle –Crosses the upper part of the front chest –Originates from sternum –Crosses over to humerus

13. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Muscles of the Upper Extremities Deltoid –Covers the shoulder joint –Originates from clavicle and scapula –Inserts on lateral side of the humerus

14. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Muscles of the Upper Extremities Biceps brachii –Muscle has two heads –Originates from scapula –Inserts on the radius

15. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Muscles of the Upper Extremities Triceps brachii –Muscle has three heads –Originates from scapula and humerus –Inserts onto olecranon process of the ulna at the elbow

16. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Muscles of the Upper Extremities

17. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Muscles of the Upper Extremities

18. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question If you have a tension headache and the back of your neck feels like it is in a vice grip, which muscle is most likely responsible? a.trapezius b.sternocleidomastoid c.biceps brachii d.latissimus dorsi

19. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Muscles of the Lower Extremities Gluteus maximus –Forms most of the fleshy part of the buttock –Originates from ilium and inserts in the femur Gluteus medius –Located above the upper outer quadrant of the gluteus maximus muscle –Originates from posterior part of ilium –Inserts in greater trochanter of the femur

20. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Muscles of the Lower Extremities Quadriceps femoris –Form anterior part of the thigh –Help extend the thigh Hamstring muscles –Located in posterior part of the thigh –Help flex leg on the thigh –Help extend the thigh

21. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Muscles of the Lower Extremities Gastrocnemius –Main muscle of the calf –Attaches to heel bone by way of Achilles tendon –Used to plantar flex foot and flex toes Tibialis anterior –Positioned on the front of the leg –Used to dorsiflex foot and turn foot inward

22. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Muscles of the Lower Extremities

23. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Muscles of the Lower Extremities

24. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question A runner suddenly grabs the back of his or her leg in pain. Which muscle group was injured? a.quadriceps femoris b.gastrocnemius c.hamstring d.tibialis anterior

25. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS Muscles

26. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Muscular Dystrophy Pronounced –(MUSS-kew-lar DIS-troh-fee) Defined –Group of genetically transmitted disorders –Characterized by progressive weakness and muscle fiber degeneration –No evidence of nerve involvement or degeneration of nerve tissue

27. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Polymyositis Pronounced –(pol-ee-my-oh-SIGH-tis) Defined –Chronic, progressive disease affecting the skeletal muscles –Characterized by muscle weakness and degeneration –Atrophy

28. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Rotator Cuff Tear Pronounced –(ROH-tay-tor kuff TAIR) Defined –Tear in muscles that form a “cuff” over upper end of arm Rotator cuff helps to lift and rotate the arm Also helps to hold head of humerus in place during abduction of arm

29. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Rotator Cuff Tear

30. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question True or False: The term muscular dystrophy means development of bad muscle, while polymyositis means inflammation of many muscles.

31. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, TREATMENTS, AND PROCEDURES Muscles

32. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Electromyography –Process of recording strength of contraction of a muscle when stimulated by electric current Muscle biopsy –Extraction of a specimen of muscle tissue, through biopsy needle or incisional biopsy, for purpose of examining it under a microscope

33. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Joints

34. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Joints Overview Joint = articulation –Point at which two individual bones connect –Joints determine degree of movement –Movement ranges from free to limited Suture = immovable joint –Purpose is to bind bones together

35. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Classification of Joints (Structural) Fibrous –Surfaces of bone fit closely together –Held together by fibrous connective tissue –Immovable joint Example: suture between the skull bones

36. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Classification of Joints (Structural)

37. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Classification of Joints (Structural) Cartilaginous –Bones are connected by cartilage –Limited movement joint Example: Symphysis –Joint between the pubic bones of the pelvis

38. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Classification of Joints (Structural)

39. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Classification of Joints (Structural) Synovial –Space between the bones = joint cavity –Joint cavity lined with synovial membrane –Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid –Bones are held together by ligaments –Free movement joint Example = shoulder

40. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Classification of Joints (Functional) Hinge –Allows a back and forth type motion Example: elbow Ball-and-socket –Allows movement in many directions around a central point Example: shoulder joint and hip joint

41. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Classification of Joints (Functional)

42. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question True or False: The cartilaginous joint between the 2 halves of the pelvis (symphysis) is vital for childbirth.

43. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question What enables our movable joints to move freely and without pain? a.cartilage b.fibrous tissue c.connective tissue d.synovial membrane

44. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Movements of Joints Flexion –Bending motion –Decreases angle between two bones Extension –Straightening motion –Increases angle between two bones

45. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Movements of Joints Abduction –Movement of a bone away from midline of the body Adduction –Movement of a bone toward midline of the body

46. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Movements of Joints Supination –Act of turning the palm up or forward Pronation –Act of turning the palm down or backward

47. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Movements of Joints Dorsiflexion –Narrows the angle between the leg and the top of the foot –Foot is bent backward, or upward, at the ankle

48. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Movements of Joints Plantar flexion –Increases angle between the leg and the top of the foot –Foot is bent downward at the ankle –Toes pointing downward, as in ballet dancing

49. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Movements of Joints Rotation –Turning of a bone on its own axis Circumduction –Movement of an extremity around in a circular motion –Can be performed with ball-and-socket joints

50. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question When bodybuilders are showing off their muscles, what movement are they using? a.extension b.flexion c.abduction d.circumduction

51. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question True or False: When I turn my head, I am rotating vertebrae in my neck.

52. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS Joints

53. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Adhesive Capsulitis Pronounced –(add-HE-sive cap-sool-EYE-tis) Defined –Shoulder condition characterized by a stiffness of the shoulder, limited shoulder movement, and pain –Also known as “frozen shoulder”

54. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Arthritis Pronounced –(ar-THRY-tis) Defined –Inflammation of joints

55. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Ankylosing Spondylitis Pronounced –(ang-kih-LOH-sing spon-dil-EYE-tis) Defined –Type of arthritis that affects the vertebral column –Causes deformities of the spine

56. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Bunion (Hallux Valgus) Pronounced –(BUN-yun) (HAL-uks VAL-gus) Defined –Abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe

57. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Bunion (Hallux Valgus)

58. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question The treatment for bunions is surgical removal of the bony overgrowth. If -ectomy is the element for surgical removal, what is the correct term? a.buniectomy b.bonyectomy c.bunionectomy d.ectomy

59. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Dislocation Pronounced –(diss-loh-KAY-shun) Defined –Displacement of a bone from its normal location within a joint –Causes loss of function of the joint

60. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Ganglion Pronounced –(GANG-lee-on) Defined –Cystic tumor developing on a tendon –Sometimes occurs on back of wrist

61. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Gout Pronounced –(GOWT) Defined –Acute arthritis that is characterized by inflammation of the first metatarsal joint of the great toe

62. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Herniated Disk Pronounced –(HER-nee-ay-ted disk) Defined –Rupture of the central portion of the vertebral disk through the disk wall and into the spinal canal –Also called a ruptured disk or a slipped disk

63. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Herniated Disk

64. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Lyme Disease Pronounced –(LYME dih-ZEEZ) Defined –Acute, recurrent inflammatory infection, transmitted through the bite of an infected deer tick

65. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question True or False: A herniated disk is referring to one of the cushions between the vertebral bodies. If inter- means between, the term to describe it must be interdiskal.

66. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Osteoarthritis Pronounced –(oss-tee-oh-ar-THRY-tis) Defined –Most common form of arthritis –Results from wear and tear on the joints, especially weight-bearing joints such as hips and knees –Also known as degenerative joint disease

67. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Osteoarthritis

68. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Rheumatoid Arthritis Pronounced –(ROO-mah-toyd ar-THRY-tis) Defined –Chronic, systemic, inflammatory disease that affects multiple joints of the body –Mainly the small peripheral joints

69. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Sprain Pronounced –(SPRAYN) Defined –Injury involving ligaments that surround and support a joint –Caused by a wrenching or twisting motion

70. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Pronounced –(sis-TEM-ic LOO-pus er-ih-them-ah-TOH-sus) Defined –Chronic, inflammatory connective tissue disease affecting the skin, joints, nervous system, kidneys, lungs, and other organs –Characteristic “butterfly rash” appears on the face

71. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question True or False: The most common form of arthritis is bony arthritis, also known as osteoarthritis.

72. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, TREATMENTS, AND PROCEDURES Joints

73. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Arthrocentesis –Surgical puncture of a joint with a needle for the purpose of withdrawing fluid for analysis Arthrography –Process of X-raying the inside of a joint, after injecting the joint with a contrast medium

74. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Arthroplasty –Surgical repair of a joint Arthroscopy –Visualization of the interior of a joint using an endoscope

75. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Erythrocyte sedimentation (sed) rate –Blood test that measures the rate at which erythrocytes settle to the bottom of a test tube filled with unclotted blood

76. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Rheumatoid factor –Blood test that measures the presence of unusual antibodies that develop in a number of connective tissue diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis

77. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question An MRI of the knee shows a possible meniscus tear. The doctor opts to look right into the joint with a scope. This is called an _________. a.arthrotomy b.arthrostomy c.arthroplasty d.arthroscopy