1.  Observation  Question  Hypothesis  Test Hypothesis  Result  (new hypothesis)  Conclusion  Leads too…..Scientific Theories (widely tested and accepted hypothesis) and Laws (what happens over and over again)  Paradigm Shift-new information or ideas disproved, overthrow a well-accepted scientific theory  Since 1973-129 people were found innocent from death row, additionally 10 were already put to death

2. Science cannot always yield “absolute truth” to the theories or laws provided. But they can: 1)Disprove ideas, theories, or laws 2)Establish that ideas, theories, or laws have a high validity or probability of being true Consensus Science Frontier Science Consist of theories and laws that are widely accepted in the scientific community “Breakthroughs” – a tentative hypothesis and controversial data & models Junk SCIENCE

3.  Inductive reasoning  Involves using specific observations and measurements to arrive at a general conclusion or hypothesis.  Bottom-up reasoning going from specific to general.  Deductive reasoning  Uses logic to arrive at a specific conclusion.  Top-down approach that goes from general to specific.

4. A system is a set of components that function and interact in some regular and theoretically understandable manner. SYSTEMS: Key components flows (throughputs) inputs & outputs Feedback loops are when outputs of energy fed back into a system cause the system to do more of what it was doing (positive) or (negative) Homeostasis! Accelerates Change

7. 1 + 1 = 5??? Synergy = when processes & feedbacks in a system interact to amplify the results Time Delays: very complex systems can show dramatic time delays between the input of a stimulus and the response. Time delays can cause a problem to build up slowly until the system reaches a threshold level and there is a fundamental breakdown in the system.

8.  Negative feedback can take so long that a system reaches a threshold and changes.  Prolonged delays may prevent a negative feedback loop from occurring.  Processes and feedbacks in a system can (synergistically) interact to amplify the results.  E.g. smoking exacerbates the effect of asbestos exposure on lung cancer.

9. Types of structure and matter Elements/Compounds Atoms/molecules Ions/pH Chemical Formulas/organics

10. Outer electrons are known as valence electrons. Valence electrons are available in bonding with other atoms.

11. ATOMS REVIEW - You are responsible for knowing all structure & function of atoms!!

12. Many of the things you are familiar with are carbon compound (sugar, plastics, vitamins, most compounds in your body) Almost all of them (except CH 4 ) have between 2 - 1,000’s of carbons attached by covalent bonded to each other and one or more of the following atoms: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine, and fluorine. Synthetic or Natural Hydrocarbons: methane, propane, butane Hydrocarbons: methane ( CH 4 ), propane (C 3 H 8 ), butane (C 3 H 10 ) Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: DDT, many insecticides, PCB’s, solvents such as chloroform Carbohydrates: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen covalently bonded (sugars) Cellulose, Glucose, Starches Chlorofluorocarbons – CFC’s ; Freon Chlorofluorocarbons – CFC’s ; Freon (CCl 2 F)

13. MONOMERSPOLYMERS make AMINO ACIDS NUCLEOTIDESPROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS SO…What inorganic compounds are important in the ecosystem? WATER!! Carbon Monoxide (CO) NaCl, Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O)Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Nitric Oxide (NO) Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) Nitric Oxide (NO) Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) Ammonia (NH 3 ) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) Ammonia (NH 3 )

14. Cells/Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic Macromolecules/DNA Genes/Chromosomes

15. States of Matter Physical/Chemical Changes Law of Conservation