1. Emergence vs. forcing of empirical data? A crucial problem of “Grounded Theory reconsidered” - Kelle, Udo 2005 Chulaka Ailapperuma (cailappe@connect.carleton.ca) TTMG5004 Technology Innovation Management

2. 18 June 2009 Purpose Article by Kelle, U (2005) on problems with understanding of grounded theory methodology Paper about –Summarising most important developments within “Grounded Theory” concerning relationship between empirical data and theoretical statements –Special emphasis on differences between Glasser and Strauss’ current views –Glasser ‘s critique that Strauss’ “coding paradigms” and “axial coding” leads to “forcing” of data Slide 2

3. 18 June 2009 Grounded theory methodology Proposed by Glaser, B., and Strauss, A, in “The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research” –Inductive process where theoretical concepts emerge from data –Alternative to hypothetico-deductive process –Method for comparative analysis which allows for “emergence” of categories from data instead of “forcing” of data by hypothetico-deductive process –Methodology recommends to “to ignore literature of theory and fact under area of study in order to assure that emergence of categories will not be contaminated” Slide 3

4. 18 June 2009 Grounded theory methodology Can researchers approach reality “as it is” without any preconceived ideas? Slide 4

5. 18 June 2009 Theoryladeness How to reconcile –Discovery (or claim of) theoretical categories and propositions from empirical data –Researchers drawing from existing theoretical concepts when analysing data –Two competing methodological requirements Impossible to free empirical observation from all theoretical influence since “seeing is a theory laden undertaking” –Observation of X is shaped by prior knowledge of Y –View data from your own lens and conceptual networks Construction of theory, grounded or not has to draw from existing knowledge Slide 5

6. 18 June 2009 Difficulties encountered Researchers can experience a certain difficulty –Search for coding categories can become tedious and lead to never-ending team sessions especially if one hesitates to introduce theoretical knowledge –Can lead to proliferation coding categories making for an insurmountable process Glaser and Strauss suggest researchers to have “theoretical sensitivity” –Researchers ability to “see relevant data” –Reflect on empirical data with help of theoretical terms –Combine concepts and hypothesis emerged from data with “some existing ones that are clearly useful” Slide 6

7. 18 June 2009 Theoretical sensitivity Not clearly defined “Discovery” book does not elaborate how to use existing theory Glasser and Strauss attempt to reconcile these Over time diverging concepts and understandings of theory has emerged leading to a split between founders –Split centred on dichotomy between “Theoretical sensitivity” vs. “Emergence” of theory from data Slide 7

8. 18 June 2009 Glasser’s method Theoretical coding with “coding families” Substantive coding and theoretical coding –Substantive coding Developed ad-hoc during open-coding Relates to empirical substance of each domain –Theoretical coding Conceptualization of how substantive codes related to each other as hypothesis to be integrated into theory Used to build theoretical model from substantive codes Families of theoretical codes –Degree family: limit, range, extent, amount –Dimension family: element, part –Cultural family: social norms, social values Slide 8

9. 18 June 2009 Glasser’s approach Meant to guide researcher in developing theoretical sensitivity Does not show how to combine theoretical and substantive coding in a meaningful way Task remains difficult Utility for novice researchers limited Slide 9

10. 18 June 2009 Strauss and Corbin approach Similar to Glasser starts with open coding Use “coding paradigms” to structure data and clarify relationships among codes Coding paradigms –Conditions –Interactions among actors –Strategies and tactics –Consequences Useful during a process called “axial coding” –Intense analysis done around one category at a time in terms of paradigm items Slide 10

11. 18 June 2009 Axial coding Empirical investigation needs theoretical framework to help identify categories in data and relate them in meaningful ways Used to think systematically about data and relate them in complex ways Used to analyse and model actions and interaction strategies of actors Slide 11

12. 18 June 2009 Axial coding Categories and concepts developed during open coding are investigated whether they relate to –Phenomena at which actions and interactions are directed –Causal conditions which lead to occurrence of phenomena –Attributes of context of investigated phenomena –Additional intervening conditions by which phenomena are influenced –Action and interaction strategies of actors –Consequences of their actions and interactions No requirement for “free mind” –All kinds of literature can be used before research study begins Slide 12

13. 18 June 2009 Axial coding Coding paradigm serves to explicate construction of a theoretical framework to create categories in a “user friendly” way Researchers with limited experience can use method without risking in drowning in data Slide 13

14. 18 June 2009 Split between approaches Glasser critiques axial coding and coding paradigms will force categories on data rather than emergence of categories from data –Should stay true to grounded theory and approach area of study without precise research questions –Insists no need to review literature –Concerned not to contaminate efforts to generate categories and their properties –Reiterates theoretical concepts would emerge if researchers free themselves from preconceived notions Keele views criticism as overstated Slide 14

15. 18 June 2009 Towards a clearer understanding Contemporary methodology and epistemology leads to a better understanding Concepts of –Abductive inference –Empirical content or falsifiability –Corroboration Grounded theory already implicitly uses these concepts Slide 15

16. 18 June 2009 Abductive inference Neither deductive nor inductive –Premises set on empirical phenomena whose conclusion is an explanatory hypothesis –Hypothetical inferences serve to discover hypothesis which explain certain empirical findings Originality of newly developed hypothesis is limited by facts which must be explained Hypothesis must lead to a satisfactory explanation of observed facts and must be related to previous knowledge Depend on previous knowledge that provide necessary framework for interpretation of empirical world under study Slide 16

17. 18 June 2009 Falsifiability Use of theoretical concepts with “low empirical content” can help Can be used as a heuristic concepts which represent “lenses” through which facts and phenomena are perceived Kelle suggests two different types of heuristics to draw from –From “grand theories” of social science which are too broad and abstract to draw empirically contentful propositions –Categories which relate to general topics of interest in data material Must be careful not to exclude concepts that may better fit Slide 17

18. 18 June 2009 Corroboration Research based on abductive inference is fallible –Validity of propositions developed on basis of empirical data cannot simply be ascertained by fact that researcher freed their mind from preconceptions –Can be easily seen by fact that often one empirical phenomenon allows for several theoretical explanations Newer computer assisted methods can be used to systematically search for empirical evidence and counter-evidence Slide 18

19. 18 June 2009 Conclusion Using theoretical terms with limited empirical content reduces risk of “forcing” categories on data Should be guided by epistemological understanding of relation between data and theory –Requires integration of previous knowledge with new empirical observations –Previous knowledge provides categorical frameworks for interpretation, description and explanation of empirical world Process should include meticulous search for negative instances and heuristic categories that do not apply Empirically contentful categories and propositions developed should be corroborated Slide 19

20. 18 June 2009 Lessons learned Use of grounded theory building is a difficult task and novices should have proper training and guidance Careful application of previous knowledge will assist in not “forcing” categories on data Strauss and Corbin’s approach provides a more systematic approach to grounded theory building Must be careful in applying heuristics – there may be better heuristics that one applied Slide 20