1. Activity from the Live & Kicking unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science 2009 This page may have been changed from the original CONCEPTS I can understand that…Evidence Your respiratory, circulatory and digestive systems are specialised to deliver oxygen and nutrients to every cell and remove waste. Your digestive system makes large food molecules small enough to pass from your intestines to the blood and then into cells. Small molecules, like oxygen and glucose, diffuse into blood quickly because your lungs and small intestine have a large surface area and a good blood supply. FACTS I can remember that… Respiration inside cells releases energy from glucose and oxygen. The equation for respiration is: glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water We can take in more oxygen, by breathing faster and deeper, when our cells need more energy. Lungs are made from millions of air sacs fed by a network of tubes. The cells that line these airways are protected by a thin layer of mucus. Enzymes break down large food molecules. Three nutrients in food with large molecules are carbohydrate (starch), protein and fat. Different enzymes break down each type of nutrient. Academy QUESTIONS I can answer…Evidence Why do top athletes need excellent lungs? What makes our lungs so good at getting oxygen into our blood? Why do we need more than one sort of enzyme? What could prevent nutrients from getting to your muscle cells? Why is our small intestine so long? SKILLS I know how to… Take accurate readings from the scales on measuring instruments. Identify a relationship between two variables. Handle irritant chemicals safely. Test for starch and glucose. Follow written instructions when carrying out simple tests KEYWORDS alveoliamino acidsbreathingcarbohydrates cilia digestive system enzymefatty acids fibregas exchangeglycerollipase mucuspancreasproteaserespiration villivitaminswindpipe L&KStudent summary

2. Activity from the Live & Kicking unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science 2009 This page may have been changed from the original CONCEPTS I can understand that…Evidence Scientific questions can often be answered by doing a fair test, which means changing one thing and measuring how that affects something else. The values of other variables that could affect the outcome need to be controlled. When continuous variables are investigated, evidence must be collected over a suitable range, using enough values of the input variable to make any patterns clear. FACTS I can remember that… The input (independent) variable is what you vary to answer a question. The outcome (dependent) variable is what you measure to see the effect. Control variables are the things you keep the same. The range is the difference between the highest and lowest values. Intervals are the gaps between the values tested. Mucus QUESTIONS I can answer…Evidence What should we vary? What should we measure? SKILLS I know how to… Select the most suitable input (independent) and outcome (dependent) variables to investigate. Identify variables that need to be controlled. KEYWORDS control variables input (independent) variable interval outcome (dependent) variable rangevalue L&KStudent summary

3. Activity from the Live & Kicking unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science 2009 This page may have been changed from the original CONCEPTS I can understand that…Evidence Non-medicinal drugs alter our perceptions and behaviour by changing the way nerve cells communicate. Their affects on other cells can limit health and fitness. They are classified as depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens or addictive, according to their effects on the body. Smoking cigarettes or cannabis also releases carbon monoxide and tar. FACTS I can remember that… Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis are non-medicinal drugs. Alcohol and cannabis make you feel relaxed, so they are depressants. Alcohol slows your reactions and makes you more likely to take risks, or be aggressive. Heavy drinkers risk liver and heart disease in the long term. Cannabis alters the way you see and hear things, so it is an hallucinogen. Long-term users risk fertility and mental health problems. The nicotine in cigarettes makes you feel alert, so it is a stimulant. It is also addictive, and increases the risk of heart disease. Carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen blood can carry. Tar damages ciliated cells and increases a smoker’s risk of lung cancer. QUESTIONS I can answer…Evidence Do drugs help or hinder sporting performance? Are the effects of drugs temporary or permanent? KEYWORDS addictionalcoholcannabiscilia cardiovascular fitness carbon monoxide depressantethanol hallucinogenheart ratemucusnicotine stimulanttartobacco WastedL&KStudent summary

4. Activity from the Live & Kicking unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science 2009 This page may have been changed from the original CONCEPTS I can understand that…Evidence Conclusions are valid when they are based on strong evidence, which means a fair test was carried out and the results are accurate, reliable and relevant. Evidence is relevant if the right variable was tested, using realistic values, and the conclusions don’t exaggerate what the evidence shows. When conclusions are presented, the limitations of the evidence must be recognised. When carrying out investigations, scientists try to improve the way they carry out tests to increase the validity of their conclusions. Expo QUESTIONS I can answer…Evidence How do scientists collect strong evidence? SKILLS I know how to… Assess whether conclusions are valid by checking that the evidence they are based on comes from tests where: –variables that could affect the outcome were controlled; –the measurements were precise enough; –errors were minimised by repeating tests and using averages; –the best variable was tested to answer the question; –realistic values were chosen and, for continuous variables, a big enough range used to reveal patterns in the data; and the evidence justifies the conclusion. Judge whether the conclusions are valid enough, by weighing up points on the checklist. Explain why the changes that I suggest improve validity. KEYWORDS accuratefair testrealisticrelevant reliablevalid L&KStudent summary