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Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter 1
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STARTER: 02/01/11 Copy and complete the following statements…
I have _________siblings. My favorite subject is_____________. My absolute favorite thing to do is come to school and learn, but away from school, I really like to ______________________________________. My favorite candy is ___________________.
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Syllabus/Rules/Procedure Quiz
How many competency goals are there in this course? True/False: If I retake a test, I can earn a 100 as my grade. Is late homework accepted? What does being prepared mean? Who dismisses class? Name one area that is off limits unless you have permission. What happens if I see your cell phone? When does class begin? What should you do before you leave the classroom? How many bathroom passes do you have for the entire semester?
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1.1 What Is Earth Science Key Concepts Vocabulary
What is the study of Earth science? How did Earth and the solar system form? Vocabulary Earth science Geology Oceanography Meteorology Astronomy
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geo- (Earth) astro- (outer space) -ology (study of) -ography (study of) -onomy (study of)
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Notebook Assignment 1.1-1 (Keep in notebook)
Complete Inquiry Activity on page 1. Answer questions 1-3
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Overview of Earth Science
Earth science is the group of sciences that deals with Earth and its space neighbors Geology means “study of the Earth.” 2 main divisions: Physical geology is the study of the make up and formation of the Earth’s features. Historical geology is the study of the Earth’s long history.
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Compare and Contrast Physical geology Historical geology
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Reading Checkpoint What are the two main areas of geology?
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Oceanography is the study of the oceans.
Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate. Astronomy is the study of the universe.
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Reading Checkpoint What are the 4 main branches of Earth science?
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Formation of Earth The nebular hypothesis suggests that the bodies of our solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula. The nebula was made mostly of hydrogen and helium.
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Gravity pulls particles together
Gravity pulls particles together. As they collide the form larger bodies. Heavier elements formed the inner planets, while lighter elements were combined farther away as the outer planets.
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Layers Form on Earth Heat released from radioactive elements caused some of the interior to melt. Lighter rocky elements floated upward to form the crust, while heavier elements sank to form the Earth’s core. The gaseous substances that escaped during the formation of these layers eventually formed our atmosphere and oceans.
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Notebook Assignment 1.1-2:
Using Figure 3 on p. 4 for a visual representation of the nebular hypothesis. Read the figure caption, then use the figure to describe the major steps in the nebular hypothesis in your own words.
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Reading Checkpoint Why does the Earth have layers?
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Classwork Assignment Complete Section 1.1 Assessment 1-7 on page 5. You do not have to write questions, however answer in complete sentences.
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STARTER: 02/02/11 The science of __________________ is the study of the universe. The study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate is ______________________ . What does the word geology mean? What do oceanographers study?
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1.1 Mini-Quiz What is the study of Earth science?
What are the two main areas of geology? What are the 4 main branches of Earth science? Why does the Earth have layers? How did the Earth and Solar System form?
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Using Figure 5 on page 7… Which of Earth’s features are visible from space? What does the color of the land that is visible tell you about the climate in those regions? What other Earth features do you think would be visible from space? Who might find images from space useful?
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hydro- relates to water
atmos- relates to air What do you think hydrosphere means? What do you think atmosphere means?
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1.2 A View Of Earth Key Concepts Vocabulary
What are the four major spheres of the Earth? What defined the three main parts of the solid Earth? Which model explains the position of continents and volcanoes and earthquakes? Vocabulary Hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, biosphere, core, mantle, crust
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Group Assignment: (5 min)
Write down any feature you see in your picture. Example: -snow -clouds -trees -etc.
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Earth’s Major Spheres The Earth consists of four major spheres:
Hydrosphere Atmosphere Geosphere Biosphere
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Hydrosphere Water portion of the Earth.
97% ocean water, 3% fresh water. The 3% is groundwater, glaciers, streams, and lakes
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Atmosphere Gaseous envelope around the Earth.
Reaches 1000 km above the Earth. Protects us from radiation.
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Geosphere The Earth beneath the atmosphere and oceans.
Divided into the core, mantle and crust.
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Biosphere All life on Earth.
Organisms depend on and alter their environment.
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With your group, determine which sphere each feature belongs to.
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Reading Checkpoint What are the four major spheres?
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Notebook Assignment 1.2-1: True or False
The atmosphere contains all water on Earth. Groundwater is a part of Earth’s hydrosphere. Earth’s atmosphere does nothing to protect us from the sun’s radiation. There is no crust under Earth’s oceans. Earth’s crust is the same thickness under land as under water. The only layer of Earth that is solid is the crust. The biosphere affects all other spheres on Earth.
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Group Activity (Honors)
How have the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere affected the biosphere? How have members of the biosphere affected the geosphere? How have members of the biosphere affected the hydrosphere and atmosphere? Does the biosphere influence the other spheres more than the other spheres influence the biosphere. Explain your answer.
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DRAW, COLOR, & LABEL Draw, color and label Figure 6A & 6B on page 8.
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Plate Tectonics Two forces affecting the Earth’s surface:
Destructive forces such as weathering and erosion Constructive forces such as volcanism and mountain building Plate tectonics gave geologist a model to explain how earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur, and how continents move.
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Plate tectonics states that the lithosphere is divided into sections called plates.
These plates move across the surface due to the uneven heating within the Earth.
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1.2 Classwork: Answer 1-6 and 8 using complete sentences on page 10.
Honors Only: Answer 1-6, 8 and connecting concepts. HOMEWORK: Draw labeled pictures illustrating each of Earth’s four major spheres: hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere. Be sure to include Earth’s layers in your sketch of the solid Earth.
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STARTER 02/03/11 Think about a time that you felt proud of yourself. Tell me about it….
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1.1/1.2 Quiz What is the study of Earth science?
What are the two main areas of geology? What is the difference between destructive forces and constructive forces? What are the four major spheres? What are the 4 main branches of Earth science? Why does the Earth have layers? How did the Earth and Solar System form?
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1.2 Mini-Quiz What are the four major spheres?
What defines the three main parts of the solid Earth? What is the difference between destructive forces and constructive forces? What model explains the position of the continents? Where is the crust thinnest?
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!! EXTRA CREDIT !! Investigations Chapter 1: How are Earth’s Spheres Interacting? Complete steps 1-8 and answer questions along the way on your own paper. Due date: 02/11/11
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1.2 Review Term Description 1. hydrosphere a. all life-forms on Earth 2. atmosphere b. composed of the core, mantle, and crust 3. geosphere c. dense, heavy inner sphere of Earth 4. biosphere d. thin outside layer of Earth’s surface 5. core e. the water portion of Earth 6. mantle f. the gaseous envelope around Earth 7. crust g. located between the crust and core of Earth
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POSTER TIME!!! Make a poster showing Earth’s layers and Earth’s spheres. You should label their drawings with the following terms: crust, mantle, core, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere.
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1.3 Representing Earth’s Surface
Key Concepts What lines on a globe are used to indicate location? What problems do mapmakers face when making maps? How do topographic maps differ from other maps? Vocabulary Latitude, longitude, topographic map, contour line, contour interval.
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Determining Location Global Grid Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator Drawn east to west but measures north and south 0⁰ latitude is the equator Longitude is the distance east or west of the prime meridian Drawn north to south but measures east to west 0⁰ longitude is the prime meridian
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What is the latitude and longitude of point D?
2. What major city is near point D? 3. If an earthquake occurred near point D, are people at point A likely to feel it? Why or why not?
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Globes Globes show the relative sizes and locations of major formations (continents and oceans) If made large enough to show roads the globe would be too big to everyday use.
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Where am I if I am at …? 30˚N, 30˚W 2. 15˚S, 45˚W 3. 60˚N, 150˚W
4. 30˚N, 90˚E 5. 15˚N, 15˚E 6. 75˚S, 0˚E 7. 30˚S, 135˚E 8. 60˚N, 105˚E 9. 35˚N, 80˚W ˚S, 135˚W
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Maps and Mapping Maps are flat representations of the Earth’s surface.
No matter what kind of map is made, some portion of the surface will always look either too small, too big, or out of place. Mapmakers have found ways to limit the distortions. Different Projection Maps for Different Purposes Which projection you use depends on the intended use
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STARTER 09/01/10: Copy the Chart in your notes.
Mercator Projection Robinson Projection Conic Projections Gnomonic Projections -Longitude are parallel causing size and distance to be distorted -Shows direction accurately -Used by seagoing navigators -Most distorted near the poles -Most widely used. -Shows most distances, sizes and shapes accurately -Most distorted around edges -Are made by wrapping a cone of paper around a globe at a particular line of latitude. -Most distorted farther from the latitude -Used for making road maps and weather maps. -A piece of paper touches the globe at a single point -Distances and directions are distorted on these maps -Used by sailors because they show the shortest distance between two points.
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Mercator Projection Longitude are parallel causing size and distance to be distorted Shows direction accurately Used by seagoing navigators Most distorted near the poles
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Robinson Projection Most widely used.
Shows most distances, sizes and shapes accuratley Most distorted around edges
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Conic Projections Are made by wrapping a cone of paper around a globe at a particular line of latitude. Most distorted farther from the latitude Used for making road maps and weather maps.
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Gnomonic Projections A piece of paper touches the globe at a single point Distances and directions are distorted on these maps Used by sailors because they show the shortest distance between two points.
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Topographic Maps Topographic maps use contour lines to show elevation.
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Contour Lines Every point on the same contour line is the same elevation. The contour interval = the difference between two adjacent lines. Lines that are close together = steep relief, lines that are farther apart = gentle relief. Contour lines NEVER cross.
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Reading Checkpoint How do topographic maps indicate changes in elevation?
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Contour lines on a topographic map.
Hachure lines represent depressions.
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Scale A distance on the map represents a distance in the real world.
Example: 1:24,000 means that 1 unit = 24,000 units in the real world The bar scale allows you to use a ruler to measure scaled distances.
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Geologic Maps Maps that show the type and age of rocks crop out of the surface.
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Advanced Technology Today’s technology provides us with the ability to more precisely analyze Earth’s physical properties. Remote Sensing is the process of collecting data about the Earth from a distance.
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1.3 Section Assessment Answer 1-7 on page 17 using complete sentences.
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Starter 1.3 Review What lines on a globe are used to indicate location? What major problem must mapmakers overcome? How do topographic maps indicate changes in elevation?
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Latitude and Longitude Review
1. the distance north or south of the equator____ 2. the distance east or west of the prime meridian____ 3. the line of latitude around the middle of the globe at 0 degrees____ 4. the line of longitude at 0 degrees____ 5. the two hemispheres formed by the equator____ 6. the two hemispheres meridian and the 180° meridian____ 7. a spherical model of Earth____ a. longitude b. globe c. eastern, western d. prime meridian e. northern, southern f. latitude g. equator
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1.4 Earth System Science Key Concepts Vocabulary
How is Earth a system? What is a system? Where does the energy come form that powers Earth’s systems? How do humans affect Earth’s systems? What makes a resource renewable or nonrenewable? Vocabulary System
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What do you think the term means?
closed system open system
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What is a System Viewing the Earth as a planet with separate but interactive parts is called Earth system science. A system can be any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole. Most natural systems are driven by sources of energy that move matter and/or energy from one place to another. Closed system: only energy can enter or leave Open system: energy and matter can enter or leave.
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Earth as a System The Earth system is powered by the sun and the Earth’s interior. The sun drives external processes that occur in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and Earth’s surface The Earth’s interior drives internal processes such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building.
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Parts of the Earth system are linked so that a change in one part can produce changes in any or all other parts.
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Notebook Assignment 1.4-1: Comparing and Contrasting
Make a comparison chart, starting with the definition of each type of system. Think of other analogies between human-made and natural systems. Classify each system as either an open or closed system. Open System Closed System Definition Examples
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People and the Environment
Environment refers to everything (living or nonliving) that surrounds and influences an organism. Environmental science is the study of relationships between people and the natural environment.
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Resources Renewable can be replaced in a relatively short time.
Nonrenewable either cannot be replaced or cannot be replaced in a reasonable time.
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Population As population grows so does the demand on limited resources.
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Environmental Problems
Environmental problems can be local, regional, and global. Significant threats to the environment include air pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming.
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Concept Map Create a concept map showing how a volcanic eruption (an event of the geosphere) can cause changes in all the other spheres (hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere).
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1.4 Section Assessment HOMEWORK: Study for Chapter 1 Vocabulary Quiz
Using complete sentences answer 1-8 and on page 22 HOMEWORK: Study for Chapter 1 Vocabulary Quiz
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1.4 Mini-Quiz What is Earth system science?
How do we know that Earth’s systems are connected? What are examples of nonliving environmental factors? How do humans affect Earth’s systems? How do renewable and nonrenewable resources differ?
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STARTER: 02/07/11 Complete Reading Strategy on page 23
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1.5 What is Scientific Inquiry?
Key Concepts What is a hypothesis? What is a theory? Vocabulary Hypothesis Theory
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Science is based on two assumptions:
The natural world behaves in a predictable manner Through systematic study we can understand and explain the natural world behavior.
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Hypothesis Data is gathered from observations.
Scientist then need to explain the data with a possible explanation or hypothesis. Before a hypothesis is accepted it must be tested. If the hypothesis fails rigorous testing then it is discarded If data support the hypothesis then it is passed to the next round of testing.
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Theory A scientific theory is well tested and widely accepted by the scientific community and best explains certain observable facts. A scientific law describes an observed event.
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Scientific Methods An organized system for solving problems or gaining new knowledge Basic steps are: Observation and measurement The development of one or more hypothesis to explain facts Development of experiments to test hypothesis Acceptance, modification, or rejection of hypothesis based on results
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CLASSWORK HOMEWORK: Study for Chapter 1 Test
1.4 Section Assessment on page 22, 1-5 (HONORS: 1-8) 1.5 Section Assessment on page 24, 1-5, (HONORS: 1-7) All questions must be answered in complete sentences. HOMEWORK: Study for Chapter 1 Test
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STARTER 02/09/11: Put in the Correct order…
Conclusion Problem/Question Develop Experiment Communicate Results Observation/Research Collect and Analyze Results Formulate a hypothesis
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Earth science geology oceanography meteorology astronomy hydrosphere atmosphere geosphere biosphere Core mantle Crust latitude longitude topographic map contour line contour interval System Hypothesis theory
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Studying Earth From Space (25)
How are some ways scientific facts are gathered? What is ASTER and acronym for? What kind of information can ASTER provide? What is Figure 23 depicting? What colors indicate the presence of carbonate, sulfate, and chloride minerals? What are the bright red areas dominated by? Based on the information given on what the colors indicate, what is the composition of the most distant mountains in the image? What do you think this image would look like in true color?
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STARTER: 1.5 Review What is a hypothesis?
What must happen to a hypothesis before it is accepted? What is a theory? How does a hypothesis become a theory? What is a scientific method?
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