1. Enlightenment and Revolution
Chapter 22

2. Vocabulary I
Geocentric Theory: Earth centered view of solar system (Aristotle)
Scientific Revolution: New was of thinking about the natural world. Use science to answer questions (lightening)
Scientific Method: Logical, step-by-step method of science. Foundation for all of modern research.
Heliocentric Theory: Sun centered view of solar system (Copernicus)
Galileo Galilei: Italian Astronomer. Findings went against the church.
Isaac Newton: English, Law of Gravity, Laws of Motion

3. Vocabulary II
Enlightenment: New intelligence movement that stressed reasons and thought to solve problems (figure it out)
Social Contract: Thomas Hobbes’ agreement with people and government. Consent to rule, rule for the people.
John Locke: Natural Rights; Everyone is born Free and Equal. (life, liberty and property). Overthrow gov. if these are not provided.
Voltaire: French, tolerance, reasons, religious freedom, speech, “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”

4. Vocabulary III
Montesquieu: French, separation of powers, “Power.. Should check power.”
Rousseau: French, Individual freedom, “Man is born free….and everywhere he is in chains.”
Mary Wollstonecraft: Women’s Rights, educated and useful (medicine/politics)
Salon: Social gatherings for “thinkers”
Enlightened Despot: Absolute ruler who accepted the Enlightenment ideas
Catherine The Great: Russia, reformed Russia using the ideas from the Enlightenment era.

5. The Scientific Revolution
Chapter 22:1

6. The Scientific Revolution
The Roots of Modern Science
New Way of Thinking
Scientific Revolution
Careful observation and questioning of accepted beliefs
Discovery of new lands during exploration and printing press helped to spread new ideas
The use of “science” to explain the unknown or the supernatural
Scientifically explanation for everything in the Universe

7. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
The Heliocentric Theory
Nicolaus Copernicus – First to propose idea that sun was the center of the universe (1543)
Johannes Kepler - Demonstrated using math that planets revolve elliptically around the sun

8. Galileo's Discoveries Discovered the law of universal acceleration
Starry Messenger
The Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
Built Europe’s first telescope, advocated that the sun was the center of the universe
Conflict With the Church
Church leaders were afraid new theories might cause others to question church
Forced Galileo to confess he thought Copernicus’ theory was wrong!

9. The Scientific Method The Scientific Method Rene Descartes
Using logic, reason, and experiments to reach conclusions
Rene Descartes
Everything should be doubted until proven by reason
Sir Isaac Newton
Explained the laws of gravity

10. The First True Research Scientists
Rene Descartes
“I think…therefore I am”
Sir Isaac Newton

11. Newton Explains the Law of Gravity
All physical objects were affected equally by the same forces
“For every action… there is an equal or greater reaction”
The Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy
Universe was a giant “clock” and was expressed mathematically

12. The Scientific Revolution Spreads: Medicine and The Human Body
New technology such as the microscope allowed humans to see bacteria for the first time
Zacharias Janssen and Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Discover bacteria
Evangelista Torricelli (Italian)
Invented the Barometer
Gabriel Fahrenheit (German)
Thermometer “32”
Anders Celsius (Swede)
Celsius based on “0”

13. The Scientific Revolution Spreads: Medicine and The Human Body
Andreas Vesalius (Dutch)
On the Structure of the Human Body
Detailed map of the body (organs/functions)
Edward Jenner (English)
Created world’s first vaccine
Helped to eliminate smallpox
Robert Boyle (English)
The Skeptical Chemist
Boyle’s Law: Matter was made up of smaller primary particles that joined together in different ways
Volume, Temperature and Pressure of gas

14. Main Ideas
Before the 1500’s who was the “final” authority with most unexplained events?
Why did this institution resist change?

15. The Enlightenment In Europe
Chapter 22:2

16. The Enlightenment In Europe: England
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke

17. Two Views On Government: Thomas Hobbes vs. John Locke
Book: The Leviathan
Humans are natural selfish and wicked
Governments needed to maintain order…
The Social Contract
Escape bleak life by having a strong ruler
In exchange for Law/Order
Absolute Rulers, Absolute Monarchy

18. John Locke People could learn from experience/improve Self-Government
All people are born free and equal
Natural Rights
Life, Liberty and Property
Government must protect these rights
Overthrow it!!
Power of government comes from the CONSENT of people
Book: Two Treatises of Government

19. Enlightenment Thinkers
Voltaire
70 Books
Attacked abuses of the government and church
Advocated tolerance, reason, religious freedom and freedom of speech
“The pen is mightier than the sword”

20. Enlightenment Thinkers
Baron de Montesquieu
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers
Believed that “power must check power” to prevent tyranny
Thought up the theory of Checks and Balances
Book: On the Spirit of Laws
Rousseau: Champion of Freedom
“Man is born free… but everywhere he is in chains”
Book: The Social Contract
“The only legitimate government was one freely formed by the people
Thought Direct Democracy the best form of government

21. Enlightenment Thinkers'
Cesare Bonesanna Beccaria
Mary Wollstonecraft
Italian
Laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes
Abuses
torturing of witnesses/suspects
Speedy trial
Punishments fits the crime
Limited rights for women
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
Education to become useful
Women were important to society

22. Major Ideas of the Enlightenment
Thinker
Impact
Natural Rights
(Life, Liberty, Property)
John Locke
Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Independence
Separation of Powers
Montesquieu
France, U.S., Latin America nations use in new governments
Freedom of thought and expression
Voltaire
U.S. Bill of Rights, French Dec. of Rights and Citizen, European monarchs reduce censorship
Abolishment of Torture
Beccaria
U.S. Bill of Rights, torture outlawed/reduced in Europe/Americas
Religious Freedom
Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights, French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, European Monarchs reduce persecution
Women’s Equality
Wollstonecraft
Women’s rights groups from in Europe and North America

23. The Legacy of the Enlightenment
Belief in Progress
Human reason could solve social and medical problems
Perfect society was possible
A More Secular Outlook
People began to question the beliefs and teachings of the church
Promoted religious tolerance
Importance of the Individual
People began to look inward for guidance instead of to the Church or monarchs
Causes Revolutions
American, French, South American, Etc.

24. The Enlightenment Spreads
Frederick
The Great
Catherine
The Great
Joseph II
Chapter 22:3

25. The Enlightenment Spreads
1700s Paris, France is the cultural/intellectual capital
Enlightenment Ideas are discussed
Salons
Social gatherings/spreading of Enlightenment ideals
First Encyclopedias are developed
Thirst for knowledge

26. The Enlightenment Spreads
Changes in Music
Lighter more elegant music
Birth of “Classical” Music
Vienna, Austria
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Ludwig van Beethoven

27. Enlightened Musicians
Mozart
Beethoven

29. Enlightened Monarchs Enlighten Despots
Supported “new” enlightenment ideas
Didn’t want to loose any power!!
Stronger Countries/Rule More Effectively

31. Fredrick The Great of Prussia Catherine The Great of Russia
Enlightened Despots
Fredrick The Great of Prussia
Catherine The Great of Russia

32. Fredrick The Great of Prussia Catherine The Great of Russia
Enlightened Despots
Fredrick The Great of Prussia
Catherine The Great of Russia
Promoted religious tolerance and abolished torture
The job of a ruler was to serve the state and the people
“The First Servant of The State…”
Limited the rights of Serfs to maintain power
Put in limited reforms for religious toleration
Expanded Russia west into Poland and south to the Black Sea