2. Earthquakes

3. What are Earthquakes? The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of energy Usually associated with faulting or breaking of rocks Described by the Elastic Rebound Theory

4. What is the Elastic Rebound Theory? Explains how energy is stored in rocks –Rocks bend until the strength of the rock is exceeded –Rupture occurs and the rocks quickly rebound to an undeformed shape –Energy is released in waves that radiate outward from the fault

5. What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?

6. Elastic Rebound Elastic Rebound

7. Type of Faults (A Review)  Normal  Reverse  Strike-Slip

8. Seismic Waves Through no fault of our own, seismic waves are generated from the breaking of the rock These waves of energy that travel through the Earth after an earthquake Some of these waves are what you feel during an earthquake Some of these waves are what you feel during an earthquake

9. Types of Waves Surface – travel along the surface, cause the most damage (Your teacher may divide these further into Love and Raleigh Waves) (Slower than Body) Body – travel through the Earth P waves- pushes and pulls the rock (twice as fast as S wave) P waves- pushes and pulls the rock (twice as fast as S wave) S wave – slower, displaces rock at right angles, don’t travel through liquids S wave – slower, displaces rock at right angles, don’t travel through liquids P & S Animation P & S Animation P,S & Surface Animation P,S & Surface Animation Another P,S & Surface Animation Another P,S & Surface Animation

10. Seismic Wave Motion Seismic Wave Motion

11. S Waves Prove Liquid Outer Core

12. Proof of Moho (Mohorovičić discontinuity) Moho: The dept at which the P- wave velocity exceeds 8.1 Km/S is referred to as the moho (after the seismologist Mohorovicic). The moho is both a seismic and a compositional boundary, marking the transition between crust and mantle materials.

13. Proof of Moho Notice the increase in velocity around 80 meters, just before the transition to the mantle!

14. Focus and Epicenter Focus: the point at which energy is released, causing the earthquake Epicenter: the point on the surface of the Earth that is directly above the earthquake focus.

15. Earthquakes generate seismic waves which can be detected with a sensitive instrument called a seismograph.

16. Seismographs

17. Perhaps the earliest seismograph was invented in China A.D. 136 by a m an named Choko.

18. Richter Scale Measures magnitude of an earthquake 1-10 2 is the smallest able to be felt by humans

19. Mercalli Scale Measures intensity Uses Roman numerals I – XII I – no damage XII – total damage

22. Associated Hazards Landslides Volcanic eruptions Volcanic eruptions Tsunamis

24. Tsunami Fault Generating Tsunami

25. Tsunami Damage, Gleebruk, Indonesia

27. Chedi Resort, Phuket, Thailand, wave height ~4+ m (?, from estimates of water level from beach umbrellas on grassy area above the beach)

28. Damage in Banda Aceh

29. Earthquake and Tsunami Damage, Banda Aceh, Sumatra

30. Earthquake and Tsunami Damage, Sri Lanka

31. Geist, Titov and Synolakis, Tsunami: Wave of Change, Scientific American, January, 2006. Train and tracks destroyed, SW coast of Sri Lanka

32. Tsunami wave trough, Sri Lanka coast

33. Commonly, the water recedes (a wave trough) significantly for a few minutes before the first wave crest arrives. People often go out to explore the beach or gather fish or shells at that time.

34. Tsunami wave, Sri Lanka; note strong current

35. Banda Aceh, Sumatra, before tsunami http://geo-world.org/tsunami/

36. Banda Aceh, Sumatra, after tsunami Also: http://www.digitalglobe.com/http://www.digitalglobe.com/

37. Another Hazard Associated with Earthquakes Liquefaction

38. San Francisco are built on sandy soil or fill. Many homes built on this type of soil were badly damaged during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake by liquefaction.

39. Liquefaction occurs in saturated soils, that is, soils in which the space between individual particles is completely filled with water. This water exerts a pressure on the soil particles that influences how tightly the particles themselves are pressed together. Model of liquefaction Example of liquefaction

40. Latest Earthquakes in the World Past 7 days

41. Film Clips Destruction Earthquake Swallows Car Seismic Wave Demonstrator

42. The End