1. International Atomic Energy Agency Ahmed Abdel-Halim Former Deputy Head of IAEA Tokyo Regional Office, Japan Consultant Division of Safeguards Technical Support (SGTS) " Effective Training Methods in Nuclear Engineering and Science to provide the Needed Infrastructure Development in Egypt " " Effective Training Methods in Nuclear Engineering and Science to provide the Needed Infrastructure Development in Egypt "

2. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 2

3. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 3

4. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 4 Nuclear Fuel Cycle Training The Activities of the Nuclear fuel Cycle are divided into: Front-end : 1. Uranium exploration, 2. Mining of uranium ore, 3. Milling and refining of the ore to produce the YELLOW CAKE, 4. Production of UF 6,, 5. Isotopic enrichment of U to attain reactor enrichment requirements (4-5 % U 235), 6. Fuel fabrication and utilization in Nuclear Power Plant. Back-end: 1. Temporary or long-term spent fuel storage, 2. Spent fuel reprocessing for recovery of plutonium and uranium for recycling, 3. Mixed oxide fuel fabrication to be used in FBRs / LWRs, 4. Radioactive waste management ( treatment, conditioning and disposal)

5. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 5  An overview of Nuclear Safety, Security & Safeguard (N3S)  Providing for application of standards for the: Safety of nuclear installations Safety of radioactive sources Safety of transport of radioactive waste Management of radioactive waste Simulator  Security of nuclear installations, nuclear material and radioactive material  Safeguards of declared nuclear materials and activities  ;The Systematic Approach to Training (SAT) is a process which encompasses the analysis of training needs and the competencies.  Training can be implemented in: Classroom Workshop Simulator Self-study On Job Training (OJT)

6. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 6  An overview of Safeguards Training Course with IAEA  Curriculum: International Safeguard (Legal Agreements and IAEA Requirements) International Safeguard (Strategies and Verification Techniques) Nuclear Material Accounting and Control Establishment and Maintenance of a State System of Accounting for and Control of Nuclear Materials (SSAC) Strengthened Safeguard System Effectiveness of State Systems

7. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 7  Nuclear Engineering Case Study  Engineers will be needed in the following area: Nuclear Technology Licensing- an urgent need as the core designs are being assessed by ENPPs Design Review and Assessment- high level nuclear, civil, mechanical, electrical, chemical and control/instrument engineering skills to allow proper technology selection Civil and structural engineering- very large inputs on site specific issues of foundation design, seismic, coastal protection and nuclear buildings Integration engineering-design integration for the complete power plant Project and programme management Construction management Cost engineering

8. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 8  The value in training a new generation of nuclear engineers  What is the term" nuclear engineer”? I recognise four broad categories: A) Engineers who understand the fundamental physics and design of nuclear reactor and system technology. These are the specialist engineers required for licensing of new NPP, B) Those qualified in a a range of engineering disciplines (e.g. electrical, mechanical, civil or control) but who need in addition to have the specialist knowledge together with post graduate training on the job to equip them to work with safety and regulatory standards required in the nuclear field, C) A still larger number who can support project engineering, design adaptation, subsystem procurement, construction, commissioning, operation and maintenance activities, rather than the fundamental physics or design of nuclear power plant, D) A large number of engineers who are generalists but work on nuclear for part of their career, e.g. by designing the cooling water system for a NPP.

9. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 9  Without engineers, NPPs will not be built. Even though the core technology for new NPP will be imported as finished designs from international manufactures, a vast engineering effort will be needed to apply the core technology to form a working environment.

10. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 10  Proposed Education and Training Fields at Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) Nuclear Power and Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology Nuclear Safety Codes and Standards Nuclear Safety Improvements Radioactive Waste Management Technology Radiation Protection Radioisotope Production and Radiation Application Technology Non-Destructive Testing Technology Basic Nuclear Science and Technology Reactor Design Technology Nuclear Policy Nuclear Chemistry

11. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 11  Proposal of Nuclear Education & Training Center in EGYPT  Missions of NET Center: Development of Nuclear Education and Training Programs Implementation of International Nuclear Training Programs Implementation of Nuclear Training Programs for Domestic Industry / Hospitals (Nuclear Medicine Dept’s) Personnel Implementation of Nuclear Experiment Education Programs for University Students Implementation of Internal Education Programs for R&D Staff Members

12. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 12  Past training in Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology During 80S and 90s of last century the Agency (IAEA) has organised 20 international and regional training courses in the various fields of the nuclear fuel cycle, mainly in the front-end of the cycle. A large part of training was carried out through the Agency's fellowship and scientific visit programme.  Need for education and training The creation of the “nuclear culture" could be the best guarantee for successful and safe use of nuclear energy for peaceful applications. The first and most important condition for the safe introduction and evolution of the nuclear energy is the high level of “nuclear “ education and professional qualification Nuclear Fuel Cycle Training (cont’d)

13. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 13 Nuclear Fuel Cycle Training (cont’d) This precondition helps to avoid dangerous mistakes and unpredictable accidents (e.g. TMI-2 (1979), Chernobyl(1986)) and guarantees safety for the country and the world. Increasing of the “nuclear culture” in developing countries is a vital problem for the world community. The IAEA system of technical co- operation is one of the best mechanism to combat this problem by providing training courses, seminars and conferences.

14. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 14  Networking for Nuclear Education and Training The growing demand for power and non-power applications of nuclear technologies would require a sustainable supply of well qualified nuclear workforce. The Asian Network for Education in Nuclear Technology, (ANENT), was established in 2004 European Nuclear Engineering Network (ENEN) World Nuclear University (WNU), London World Nuclear Association (WNA), London

15. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 15  Networking for Nuclear Education and Training Activities of NET: 1. Exchange of information and materials for education and training -Establish and maintain a web-based network to support all NET activities 2. Facilitating exchange of students, teachers and researchers – Work with IAEA and other regional and international organization to establish a working mechanism for supporting the exchange. 3. Distance learning – Compilation of available distance learning material; – Making the material available to NET-web and other electronic media; – Setting up new NET distance learning courses 4. Establishment of reference curricula and facilitating mutual recognition of qualifications

16. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 16 Present Status of Nuclear Education The decrease in qualified personnel has been evident since the nineties due to: - retirement of the aging workers, - lack of replacement workers, - students are not interested in professional opportunities in this area. Next slide shows an example of Nuclear Engineering enrolment in US universities. Similar situation is occurring in: - Japan, - China, - R.O. Korea, - UK and - Canada

17. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 17 Present Status of Nuclear Education (cont’d) Nuclear Engineering enrolment in USA universities

18. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 18 Nuclear Education Trends in Selected Countries USA: By the year 2007 there were 30 programs for nuclear engineering education in the U.S. (Nuclear Engineering Education Sourcebook 2006-2007, North American Edition), important efforts were under way with the Department of Energy (DOE) and other agencies to improve the conditions of nuclear teaching and research activities in the Universities and National Labs (e.g. LANL,ORNL, etc).

19. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 19 Nuclear Education Trends in Selected Countries (cont’d) Hungary: Nuclear education and training have been closely linked to the construction, operation and future of the country’s nuclear power plant. Programs specializing in nuclear power, radiochemistry and nuclear measurement techniques, for example, have been offered over the years within the framework of technical and scientific programs. With the IAEA’s assistance, a nuclear maintenance centre was built and a new generation of instructors were trained, as a part of a project to improve the nuclear plant’s professional training system and conditions. -B.Sc. and M.Sc. degree courses in Nuclear Engineering at the Technical University of Budapest. -Basic theoretical training provided by the University for NPP personnel in radiation protection, emergency procedures and planning, radiological accident management for radiation workers.

20. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 20 Nuclear Education Trends in Selected Countries (cont’d) France: Next slide shows the main activities related to teaching and training in nuclear sciences and techniques at the Institut National de Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires (ISTN). All of these programs have a strong support since the nuclear fraction in the French Electric is about 77%.

21. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 21 Table 1. Nuclear options at the INSTN {Institut National de Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires} France DegreeOrientation Master of ScienceResearch or Professional in: Nuclear Waste, Materials Radiations, Biomedical Engineering etc. Atomic EngineeringTwo semesters of courses and experiments on: Neutronics, Thermo-hydraulic Analysis, Materials, Instrumentation, Health Physics, Fuel cycles, Nuclear economy, etc. Third Cycle Doctorate Diplomes DEA, DESS Second Cycle License Reactor Dismantling and Waste Management Second Cycle License Nuclear Techniques and Health Physics Several CertificatesNuclear Medicine, Radiopharmacy, Medical Physics, etc.

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26. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 26 International Co-operation IAEA is a world promoter of Nuclear Education and Training through its two main pillars: International Nuclear Information System (INIS) and Electronic Nuclear Training Catalogue (ENTRAC)

27. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 27 International Co-operation (cont’d) INIS is the World’s Nuclear Knowledge Reservoir. INIS is becoming the foundation for the preservation and exchange of knowledge in the fields of nuclear science and technology. INIS strength comes from the fact that is based on international co- operation among Member States and global organizations. INIS has grown from 25 in 1969 to 117 Member States and 23 International Organizations in 2008 INIS main products are: the bibliographic database and the unique full text Non-Conventional Literature (NCL) which are not easily available through commercial channels and includes scientific and technical reports, patents conference proceedings and theses.

28. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 28 International Co-operation (cont’d) The INIS database covers a broad range of subjects within the nuclear field: - Nuclear Energy, including nuclear engineering; nuclear instrumentation and the nuclear fuel cycle; - Nuclear Safety; - Nuclear Safeguards, non-perforation; - Radioactive waste management; - Radiation protection; - Nuclear physics; - Nuclear chemistry; - Life sciences and environmental aspects; - Isotopes and nuclear applications in earth sciences; agriculture; biology; medicine and industry; - Fusion research and technology; and - Economic, legal and social aspects.

29. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 29 Recent success stories: TC projects to enhance the national INIS Centres in: Egypt Tajikistan Azerbaijan These INIS Centres have already started providing relevant nuclear information services to researchers and engineers within their national boundaries

30. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 30 Nuclear Education in Canada University Network of Excellence in Nuclear Engineering (UNENE) What is UNENE? UNENE is an industry driven alliance of prominent Canadian universities and nuclear industry

31. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 31 University Members McMaster University Queen’s University University of Toronto University of Waterloo University of Western Ontario University of Ontario Institute of Technology Ecole of Polytechnique University of New Brunswick Royal Military College University of Guelph

32. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 32 Current Industry Membership Ontario Power Generation (OPG) Bruce Power (BP) Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) CANDU Owners Group (COG) Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) Nuclear Safety Solutions (NSS)

33. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 33 University Research Areas The UNENE are covering a variety of courses in areas that are fundamental to nuclear power design, operation and safety as well as to industrial applications which use nuclear techniques: Nuclear Reactor physics Nuclear plant systems and operations Reactor thermalhydraulics Project management for nuclear engineering Nuclear Materials Radiation health risks and benefits Power plants thermodynamics Engineering risk and reliability Control, instrumentation in CANDU based nuclear power Reactor Chemistry and corrosion Fuel management Nuclear Fuel waste management

34. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 34 Proposed 2 years course Syllabus for Engineers and Scientists Basic Concepts - Energy - Atoms and nuclei - Radioactivity - Nuclear Process - Radiation and Materials -Fission -Fusion Nuclear Systems - Particle Accelerators - Isotope Separators - Radiation Detectors - Neutron Chain Reactions - Nuclear Heat Energy - Breeder Reactors - Fusion Rectors

35. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 35 Proposed 2 years course Syllabus for Engineers and Scientists (cont’d) Nuclear Energy and Man - The History of Nuclear Energy - Biological Effects of Radiation - Information and Isotopes - Useful Radiation Effects - Reactor Safety and Security - Radiation Protection - Radioactive Waste Management - Nuclear Explosions - Laws, Regulations, and Organisations - Energy Economics - International Nuclear Power - The Future

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40. International Atomic Energy Agency 8/27/2015 Conference on Nuclear Education, Cairo/ Egypt March 2009 A. Abdel-Halim 40 Thank you very much for your attention !!