1. Ch 12 Electrolysis in water Electrolysis is a fairly simple process. Electrolysis is a fairly simple process. There are two plates in a solution, and an electric current is sent through. There are two plates in a solution, and an electric current is sent through. The plates are the cathode, where reduction takes place, and the anode, where oxidation takes place. The plates are the cathode, where reduction takes place, and the anode, where oxidation takes place. cathode-reduction anode-oxidation cathode-reduction anode-oxidation

2. Rules for cathode reaction A cation may be reduced to a metal A cation may be reduced to a metal Cu + + 1 e -  Cu Cu + + 1 e -  Cu Or water way be reduce to hydrogen Or water way be reduce to hydrogen 2 H 2 O + 2 e -  H 2 + 2 OH - 2 H 2 O + 2 e -  H 2 + 2 OH - Transition metals tend to reduce before water, main group metals tend to reduce after Transition metals tend to reduce before water, main group metals tend to reduce after

3. Rules for anode reactions An anion nonmetal may be oxidized to a nonmetal An anion nonmetal may be oxidized to a nonmetal 2 Cl -  Cl 2 + 2 e - 2 Cl -  Cl 2 + 2 e - Water may be oxidized to oxygen Water may be oxidized to oxygen 2 H 2 O  O 2 + 4 H + + 4 e - 2 H 2 O  O 2 + 4 H + + 4 e - Chlorine, bromine and iodine will oxidize before oxygen. That is it. Chlorine, bromine and iodine will oxidize before oxygen. That is it.

4. Rules for molten binary salts Molten means melted, with no water. Molten means melted, with no water. These are straightforward and easy! These are straightforward and easy! Molten magnesium chloride is electrolysized Molten magnesium chloride is electrolysized MgCl 2  Mg + Cl 2 MgCl 2  Mg + Cl 2

5. examples Aqueous calcium bromide is electrolyzed Aqueous calcium bromide is electrolyzed Aqueous chromium (III) nitrate is electrolyzed Aqueous chromium (III) nitrate is electrolyzed Aqueous cobalt (II) bromide electrolyzed Aqueous cobalt (II) bromide electrolyzed Molten sodium chloride is electrolyzed Molten sodium chloride is electrolyzed

6. Ch 13 Complex ion reactions Formation of complex ions Formation of complex ions Common complex ions metals Common complex ions metals Fe Co Ni Cr Cu Zn Ag Al Fe Co Ni Cr Cu Zn Ag Al Common ligands Common ligands NH 3 CN - OH - SCN - NH 3 CN - OH - SCN - General rule: the number of ligands will be twice the charge of the metal ion General rule: the number of ligands will be twice the charge of the metal ion

7. Example Iron (III) chloride reacts with potassium cyanide Iron (III) chloride reacts with potassium cyanide Fe 3+ + CN -  Fe(CN) 6 3- Fe 3+ + CN -  Fe(CN) 6 3- How did I get the charge? Iron is 3+, 6 cyanides at 1- How did I get the charge? Iron is 3+, 6 cyanides at 1-

8. Examples Zinc (I) fluoride reacts with sodium thiocyanate Zinc (I) fluoride reacts with sodium thiocyanate Concentrated ammonia is reacted with cobalt (III) iodide Concentrated ammonia is reacted with cobalt (III) iodide Barium hydroxide reacts with nickel (II) nitrate Barium hydroxide reacts with nickel (II) nitrate