1. Splash Screen

2. Section 1 Civil Lawsuits Civil lawsuits may involve property disputes, a breach of contract, family matters, or personal injury.

3. Section 1 Civil Lawsuits (cont.) In a civil case, a plaintiff brings a lawsuit against a defendant. The plaintiff: –Claims to have suffered loss –Usually seeks damages

4. Section 1 The defendant: –Argues the loss did not occur –Argues the defendant is not responsible Civil Lawsuits (cont.)

5. Section 1 Civil lawsuits may involve: –Property disputes –Breaches of contracts –Family matters involving two or more parties Civil Lawsuits (cont.)

6. Section 1 Negligence or personal injury Negligence suit filed when: –Someone injured or killed –Property destroyed Civil Lawsuits (cont.)

7. Section 1 The Process in a Civil Case Civil lawsuits follow a specified legal procedure.

8. Section 1 The Process in a Civil Case (cont.) There are specific legal procedures that civil lawsuits follow. Plaintiff retains a lawyer, who files a complaint with the court complaint Civil Cases

9. Section 1 Defendant: –Receives a summonssummons –May file an “answer” to complaint The Process in a Civil Case (cont.) Complaint and answer referred to as pleadings Civil Cases

10. Section 1 The process of discovery to check facts and gather evidencediscovery Pretrial hearing: The Process in a Civil Case (cont.) –Helps to explain differences between two sides –Plaintiff may decide to drop case –Defendant may offer settlementsettlement Civil Cases

11. Section 1 Mediation and arbitration are ways to resolve disputes. Most civil cases settled before trial because of time and money. The Process in a Civil Case (cont.) Civil Cases

12. Section 1 Trial: –Jury or judge may hear case –Plaintiff has to present a “preponderance of evidence” –Remedy set if plaintiff wins –Plaintiff gets nothing and must pay court costs if defendant wins The Process in a Civil Case (cont.) Civil Cases

13. Section 1 Appeal: –Losing side may appeal to a higher court –Defendant or defendant’s insurance company may appeal to reduce awards The Process in a Civil Case (cont.) Civil Cases

14. Section 2-Main Idea Guide to Reading Big Idea The Constitution of the United States establishes and protects the individual’s fundamental rights and liberties.

15. Section 2 What Is a Criminal Case? In criminal cases, defendants are charged with crimes, and if convicted, they are sentenced as punishment.

16. Section 2 What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.) In a criminal case, the state or federal government charges someone with a crime. Government is the prosecution in a criminal case.prosecution

17. Section 2 Crime is an act that:Crime –Breaks a federal or state criminal law –Causes harm to people or society What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.) U.S. Regional Crime Rates in 2004

18. Section 2 Criminal justice system includes courts, police and prisons. A separate juvenile justice system What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.)

19. Section 2 Penal code:Penal code What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.) –Written criminal laws in each state –Federal penal code defines federal crimes –Spells out the punishments that go with each crime

20. Section 2 People convicted of misdemeanors: –May be fined –May be sentenced to one year or less in jail What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.)

21. Section 2 People convicted of felonies: –May be imprisoned for a year or more –May be punished by death in the case of murder –May lose certain civil rights –May lose employment opportunities in some careers What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.)

22. Section 2 Misdemeanors sometimes treated as felonies What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.) –Example: drunk driving repeat offense

23. Section 2 Criminal penalties: –Provide punishment so that a criminal pays for offense –Protect society by confining dangerous lawbreakers in prison –Can serve as warnings to deter other people –Can help prepare lawbreakers to reenter society after prison terms What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.)

24. Section 2 Determining the sentence: –System of indeterminate sentences used in the past –Some prisoners eligible for paroleparole –Mandatory sentencing imposing whatever sentence the law directsMandatory sentencing What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.)

25. Section 2 Many states giving judges more sentencing options: –Shock incarceration –Intensive-supervision probation or parole –House arrest What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.)

26. Section 2 Criminal Case Procedure Criminal cases follow several steps, including arrest, hearing, indictment, arraignment, verdict, sentencing, and appeal.

27. Section 2 Criminal Case Procedure (cont.) Criminal cases follow several steps. Defendants entitled to the protections of due process Criminal Cases

28. Section 2 Arrest begins a criminal case Officers make an arrest when: Criminal Case Procedure (cont.) –They have witnessed suspected crime –A citizen has made complaint or report of a crime –A judge has issued arrest warrant Criminal Cases

29. Section 2 The booking process: –Police fingerprint and photograph suspect –Suspect allowed to call a lawyer –State provides lawyer if the suspect cannot afford lawyer Criminal Case Procedure (cont.) Criminal Cases

30. Section 2 A few hours after being booked: –Suspect informed of charges –Prosecution must show probable cause for believing the accused committed the crime –Judge either sends accused back to jail, sets bail, or releases the accused Criminal Case Procedure (cont.) Criminal Cases

31. Section 2 Preliminary hearings and grand jury decide indictments “Information” claims sufficient evidence to bring accused to trial Criminal Case Procedure (cont.) Criminal Cases

32. Section 2 Arraignment:Arraignment –Defendant formally presented with charges and enters a plea –If defendant pleads not guilty, case continues Criminal Case Procedure (cont.) Criminal Cases

33. Section 2 –If defendant pleads guilty, he or she is convicted and punishment is determined. –If defendant pleads no contest, effect is much the same as guilty plea Criminal Case Procedure (cont.) Criminal Cases

34. Section 2 Trial procedure: –Defense lawyer interviews witnesses, studies laws affecting the case, and gathers information. –Defendants have right to a jury trial, although many choose a bench trial. –Selection of potential jurors Criminal Case Procedure (cont.) Criminal Cases

35. Section 2 –Opening statements outlining the case –Prosecution and defense present cases Criminal Case Procedure (cont.) Criminal Cases Calling witnesses who give testimonytestimony Cross-examine witnessesCross-examine

36. Section 2 –Closing statements highlighting testimony –Judge explains law relating to case to the jury Criminal Case Procedure (cont.) Criminal Cases

37. Section 2 Reaching a verdict: –Jury chooses foreperson to lead discussion –Reviews evidence and arguments –Deliberates secretly and without time limit –Votes whether defendant is guilty or not guilty Criminal Case Procedure (cont.) Criminal Cases

38. Section 2 –To reach guilty verdict, evidence must convince “beyond a reasonable doubt” –Verdict must be unanimous in most criminal cases –Acquittal is a vote of not guiltyAcquittal –Hung jury is a jury that cannot agree on a verdictHung jury Criminal Case Procedure (cont.) Criminal Cases

39. Section 2 Jury or judge decides on sentence, which often specifies period of prison time Defendant can appeal guilty verdict Criminal Case Procedure (cont.) Criminal Cases

40. Section 3-Main Idea Guide to Reading Big Idea The Constitution of the United States establishes and protects the individual’s fundamental rights and liberties.

41. Section 3 Causes of Juvenile Delinquency All states and the federal government have a separate justice system for young people.

42. Section 3 Causes of Juvenile Delinquency (cont.) In most states, anyone under the age is 18 is considered a juvenile.juvenile Juvenile delinquents are young people who commit crimesJuvenile delinquents Juvenile delinquents treated somewhat differently from adults who commit crimes

43. Section 3 Factors that can contribute to juvenile delinquency: –Abuse or neglect –Emotional or mental problems –Poverty Causes of Juvenile Delinquency (cont.)

44. Section 3 The Juvenile Justice System The juvenile justice system is similar to the adult system, with some important differences.

45. Section 3 The Juvenile Justice System (cont.) Juvenile courts try to rehabilitate juveniles, rather than punish them.rehabilitate Two types of cases handled by juvenile courts: –Neglect, which involves caregivers neglecting or abusing juveniles –Delinquency, which involves juveniles committing crimes

46. Section 3 Police officers handling juvenile cases Special programs for juveniles: The Juvenile Justice System (cont.) –Counseling –Job training –Drug-treatment

47. Section 3 Trials for juveniles: –Preliminary hearings –Juveniles not entitled to a jury trial –Juvenile cases normally closed to the public –Juvenile offenders’ identities and criminal records kept secret –If found guilty court holds sentencing The Juvenile Justice System (cont.)

48. Section 3 Sentencing for juveniles: –Court holds hearing that is the same as sentencing –Some offenders sent home with a stern lecture –Some offenders with previous history of delinquency placed in special training schools, reformatories, treatment centers, or teen shelters The Juvenile Justice System (cont.)

49. Section 3 Successful probation leading to dropped charges and removal of charges from record Neglected juveniles can become wards of the court Rules for juvenile criminal cases established by the Supreme Court Juveniles generally have same or similar rights as adults The Juvenile Justice System (cont.)

50. Section 3 Do you think special programs are effective in rehabilitating juvenile delinquents? A.Yes B.No A.A B.B

51. VS 1 Civil Law Civil law includes disputes over rights, property, and agreements. In a civil lawsuit, the plaintiff files a complaint against the defendant, and the defendant responds. The legal system has established a procedure that everyone must follow to settle civil disputes.

52. VS 2 Criminal Law In criminal law cases, the government charges someone with a crime. A crime is an act that breaks a federal or state criminal law and causes harm to people or society in general. Criminal cases are divided into two main groups—felonies and misdemeanors.

53. VS 3 Juveniles and the Court System When a juvenile is arrested, the police must notify his or her parents or caregivers. A preliminary hearing is held, followed by a court appearance. At sentencing, juveniles may be sent home, put on probation, made a ward of the court, or sent to a reformatory.

54. VS 4 Juveniles and the Court System (cont.) There is no jury in juvenile court cases. The primary goal of juvenile courts is to try to rehabilitate, or correct the behavior of, offenders.

55. VS-End

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62. Vocab1 complaint a formal notice that a lawsuit is being brought

63. Vocab2 summons a notice directing someone to appear in court to answer a complaint or a charge

64. Vocab3 discovery process by which attorneys have opportunity to check facts and gather evidence

65. Vocab4 settlement in a legal case, the amount of money the defendant agrees to pay the plaintiff

66. Vocab5 file to submit or register

67. Vocab6 retain to keep or to hold secure

68. Vocab7 respond to answer or react

69. Vocab8 prosecution party who starts the legal proceedings against another party for a violation of the law

70. Vocab9 crime an act that breaks a law and causes harm to people or society in general

71. Vocab10 penal code a state’s written criminal laws

72. Vocab11 parole to grant a prisoner an early release from prison, with certain restrictions

73. Vocab12 mandatory sentencing punishment that judges must impose according to what the law directs

74. Vocab13 arraignment a hearing in which a suspect is charged and pleads guilty or not guilty

75. Vocab14 testimony the statement a witness makes under oath

76. Vocab15 cross-examine to question a witness at a trial or a hearing to check or discredit the testimony

77. Vocab16 acquittal a vote of not guilty

78. Vocab17 hung jury a jury that cannot agree on a verdict

79. Vocab18 function to serve a purpose

80. Vocab19 confine to restrict or imprison

81. Vocab20 sufficient to be adequate for a purpose

82. Vocab21 juvenile a person not yet legally an adult

83. Vocab22 juvenile delinquent a child or teenager who commits a serious crime or repeatedly breaks the law

84. Vocab23 rehabilitate to correct a person’s behavior

85. Vocab24 emphasis placing stress or special importance on something

86. Vocab25 preliminary coming before the main part or item

87. Vocab26 equivalent alike or equal to in number or meaning

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