1. Basic Laboratory Techniques in Chemistry

2. PURIFICATION OF WATER The usual laboratory method of obtaining pure water is distillation. This method of purification will remove any substance that has a boiling point heigher than that of water.

4. When water contains bicarbonates of Ca, Mg or Fe it is said to have carbonate hardness. When water contains calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride it is said to have noncarbonate hardness.

5. Another effective method of obtaining pure water is the use of organic deionizers. These are organic resins that exchange H ions for the cations and OH ions for the anions.

6. water Pure water Heavy waterNatural water Distillation Deionizers EvaporationCondensation Dowex Amberlite Zeolite

7. PREPARATION OF OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN Among the gases that occur in the atmosphere, oxygen is the most important to use.

8. OXYGEN Method of preparation - Heating potassium chlorate - Fractional distillation of liquid air - Electrolysis of water

9. HYDROGEN Method of preparation - Using metal - Electrolysis of water - Passing steam

10. CARBON AND HYDROCARBONS Organic chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon.

11. The forms of carbon FuelLubrificant Electrical conductor MetallurgyCatting tools Special metal Alloys Charcoal Coke Anthracite Amorphous graphite Diamond CARBON CarbonsHydrogen Halogen Oxygen Carbon compounds DyesPlasticsTextile fibersMedicinesDrugs

12. HYDROCARBONS Series Alkene Alkane Alkynes They have single covalent bonds They have double covalent bonds They have triple covalent bonds

13. HYDROCARBONS PROCESSING - Cracking - Alkylation - Polymerization - Hydrogenation - Dehydrogenation - Aromatization

14. BIBLIOGRAPHY P. Briano – A Matter of life - English for Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology – Edisco P. Vaudo – On the Lab – Ed. Yuvenilia Author: Gabriele