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Chapter Fifteen Neurological Disorders
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CHAPTER 15 NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
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Brain Damage Stroke – Brain’s blood supply is interrupted by either bleeding or sudden blockage Cerebral hemorrhage Ischemia – Excitotoxicity
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Figure 15.2 The Brain’s Blood Supply
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Figure 15.3 Brain Infarct
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Brain Damage Head Injury – Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) Open head injuries Concussions – Coup and countercoup – Post concussion syndrome – lack of concentration, reduction in processing speed, deficits in higher-order cognitive functions – Chronic Traumatic Brain Injuries (CTBI) Dementia pugilistica (Boxer’s syndrome)
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Figure 15.4 Coup and Countercoup
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Figure 15.5 Boxers Risk Repeated Head Injuries
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Brain Damage Brain Tumors – Majority arise in glial cells and the cells of the meninges – Symptoms of Tumors Pressure in the skull Specific disruptions related to location – Types of Tumors Gliomas and meningiomas Grades I to IV – Treatment for Tumors Surgical removal Chemotherapy Thalidomide to starve tumors
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Figure 15.6 A Meningioma
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Brain Damage Seizures and epilepsy – Uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain correlated with changes in consciousness – Types of Seizures Partial seizures – Simple – Complex Generalized seizures – Grand mal – Petit mal seizures Treatment for Epilepsy Antiepileptic drugs, surgery, ketogenic diet in children
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Figure 15.7 Pathways for the Spread of Partial and Generalized Seizures
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Figure 15.8 EEG Recordings During Generalized Seizures
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Multiple Sclerosis Autoimmune condition – immune system attaches the central nervous system – Demyelination of axons – Affects white matter in different locations – Modest heritability and environmental factors
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Figure 15.9 Multiple Sclerosis Damages Myelin
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Brain Infections Parasites – Neurocysticercosis – pork tape worm – Treatment - seizure control Bacterial, Viral, and Fungal Infections – Encephalitis – inflammation of brain after viral infection – Meningitis – inflammation of membranes that cover and protect the brain and nervous system – AIDS Dementia Complex Collection of neurological symptoms that result fro HIV virus or opportunistic infections
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Figure 15.10 Complicated Neurocysticercosis Involves Multiple Infections in the Brain
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Figure 15.11 HIV Viral Particles Bud from an Infected Cell
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Brain Infections Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies – A group that includes bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or mad-cow disease Produce psychological disturbances and progressive loss of cognitive functions, motor disturbances, and finally death – The TSE Mystery Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) human form of TSE Kuru in New Guinea provided evidence of transmission – Prions and TSEs Role of abnormal form of prion protein – BSE and New Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease New variant emerged in humans
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Figure 15.12 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
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Figure 15.15 Prion Proteins Have Normal and Abnormal Forms
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Figure 15.16 Time Course of the BSE Epidemic in the United Kingdom
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Figure 15.17 Classic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Shows Different Age Prevalence than New Variant
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Migraine Symptoms of excruciating head pain, nausea, and vomiting for 4-72 hours Migraine generator located in brainstem Treatments – Triptans – Behavioral adjustments
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Figure 15.18 Migraine Aura
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Assessment of Neurological Disorders Patient’s health history Physical examination – Sensory systems – Touch sensitivity – Movement – Spinal reflexes – Tests such as Halstead-Reitan battery
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Recovery from Damage Kennard Principle – Young brains reorganize after damage more efficiently than adult brains Subsequent research suggest a more complex relationship between developmental stage and recovery
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Therapy for Brain Damage Rehabilitation – Improving cognitive, emotional, and physical processes – Constraint therapy – “Mental muscle” approach – “Specific tasks” approach – Virtual reality (VR) therapy Pharmacological Therapies Neural Tissue Transplants – Fetal cell transplants and stem cells
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