1. WOODWORKING Technology Education Dept. Bellwood-Antis Middle School Mr. Mackereth

2. ADVANTAGES OF USING LUMBER & WOOD PRODUCTS WHY MAKE THINGS OUT OF WOOD? Wood is both STRONG & LIGHTWEIGHT. Wood is BEAUTIFUL & ATTRACTIVE. Wood is from a RENWEABLE RESOURCE. Wood can easily be CUT, SHAPED, SANDED, and SEALED. Wood COSTS LESS than other materials.

3. OLDER HARVESTING METHODS For hundreds of years, companies harvested timber in the forest using CLEARCUTTING. This method CUT DOWN EVERY TREE in the forest, leaving the land bare and ruined. Soil eroded during rainstorms forming gullies. Wildlife (land animals) had no place to live. Soil and mudslides polluted the streams. Aquatic life (fish and reptiles) were killed. In general, CLEARCUTTING RUINED THE FOREST!

4. LOGGING METHODS IN TODAY’S WORLD Today’s lumber & logging companies practice REFORESTATION (regrow, replant) in the woods. A. SELECTIVE CUTTING- We cut ONLY a certain kind of tree, or trees of a certain diameter B. PLANTING TREE SEEDLINGS- We replant tree seedlings after we are done logging for the future. C. SOIL & WATER CONSERVATION- We make sure that no soil enters the streams and rivers, or that none of the water resources are polluted.

5. LOGGING METHODS IN TODAY’S WORLD (cont.) Today’s lumber & logging companies practice REFORESTATION (regrow, replant) in the woods. D. LUMBER BY PRODUCTS- We make solid lumber products out of the scraps left over from the mill. This includes OSB, mulch bark, or composites. E. RECYCLING PAPER- The more paper we recycle, the less trees need to be cut down for paper! EVERYONE PITCHING IN & DOING THEIR PART HELPS OUR FOREST RESOURCES!

6. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TREES AND LUMBER PRODUCTS Living trees are made up of CELLS, just like the human body. When the tree is harvested for lumber, cut at the mill, and dried, these cells….. are called WOOD FIBERS. A collection of the wood fibers is called the GRAIN of the wood. Cutting with the grain is called RIPPING. Cutting across the grain is called CROSS CUTTING.

7. PARTS OF A TREE 1- OUTER BARK 2- INNER BARK 3- CAMBIUM CELLS 4- SAPWOOD 5- HEARTWOOD 6- PITH (young tree)

8. FUNCTION(S) OF TREE PARTS OUTER BARK- Protects the inside of the tree INNER BARK- Transports food (sugar, sap) up the tree in winter/early spring, down during rest of time CAMBIUM CELLS- Growth cells that multiply and divide to create new layers (annual rings) in the tree SAPWOOD-Transports water & minerals up the tree HEARTWOOD- Center most part of the tree, gives the tree strength and color.

9. TYPES OF TREES HARDWOOD SPECIES- trees that have flat, blade- like leaves, and loose their leaves every year. Examples of HARDWOODS: OAKMAPLE POPLARBASSWOODWALNUTCHERRY SOFTWOOD SPECIES- Trees with needle-like leaves and cones, keep their needles for more than 3 years Examples of SOFTWOODS:PINESPRUCE HEMLOCKRED CEDARDOUGLAS FIR

10. ANY QUESTIONS? This concludes part one of the wood notes. COMPLETE THE REVIEW WORKSHEET FOR THESE PAGES OF NOTES (Due on___________) STUDY FOR THE QUIZ! AS SOON AS YOU TAKE AND PASS YOUR QUIZ, YOU WILL BE WORKING IN SHOP!

11. SAWING LUMBER IN A MILL At the mill, lumber can be cut in two ways: PLAIN SAWING- The WHOLE log gets placed on the carriage and “sliced” into boards. Plain sawing is used for common lumber, but it bows, warps, and twists easily (out of shape.) QUARTER SAWING- The log gets cut into quarters, and the ¼ log is “sliced” into boards. Quarter Sawing is used for EXPENSIVE lumber. It does not usually bow, takes more work, time, $.

12. SAWING LUMBER IN A MILL (cont.) The pieces that are cut off of the logs are called SLABS, & some still have the BARK left on the edges Those with bark edges are sent through an EDGER to remove bark make all the edges straight & true. The edged boards are sent through TRIMMER or CROSSCUT saws to SQUARE the ENDS. The trimmed boards are usually cut into lengths of 8, 10, 12, or 16 feet making them easier to ship. The fresh cut boards are now called GREEN LUMBER

13. PROCESSING BOARDS IN THE MILL After sawing, the lumber enters the GREEN CHAIN. The lumber is SORTED into different GRADES based upon the APPEARANCE of the board & the presence of DEFECTS that effect the GRADE of the board. Next ALL LUMBER is AIR DRIED outside to remove SOME, but not ALL, of the moisture content. HIGHER GRADE LUMBER is then KILN DRIED in a CLOSED, HEATED building (removing more moisture) Boards are FINISHED drying at about 6% MOISTURE.

14. PROCESSING BOARDS (cont) HARWOOD LUMBER GRADES are: SELECTFIRSTSECOND HARWOOD LUMBER GRADES are: SELECT FIRST COMMON SECOND COMMON Defects that can be found in lumber include: BOWING (warping) KNOTS PITCH POCKETS METAL CONTENT CRACKSWANE EDGES

15. COMMON LUMBER PRODUCTS BOARDS- used for assorted projects & framing STUDS- used to frame homes, buildings, and rafters PLYWOOD- laminated layers/plies glued together in 4 x 8 sheets. Used for walls, roofs, flooring, cabinets VENEER BOARDS and VENEER PLYWOOD- used to make interior doors, cabinets, and furniture VENEER is a term describing the process of taking a thin layer/ply of SELECT lumber and glue it on top of lower grade, but solid boards (our doors & cabinets)

16. COMMON LUMBER BY-PRODUCTS FLAKEBOARD- “flakes” of wood are glued & pressed together into 4 x 8 sheets. Flakeboard and OSB are used the same way that plywood is used in homes. Oriented Strand Board (OSB)- similar to flakeboard, but has a moisture barrier on one, “shiny” side. MINERAL CORE BOARD- scrap materials & mineral composite glued/pressed between 2 plies of veneer Remember, these are SCRAP products from the mill

17. WORKING WITH BOARDS IN SHOP Lumber used in shop is KILN DRIED FAS (1 st & 2 nd ) The FIRST STEP is to PLANE them. We use a SINGLE SURFACE PLANER to shave 1/16” at a time until we have PLANED the board to the EXACT THICKNESS. Next, we take the planed board over to the JOINTER to joint 1 EDGE SQUARE with the board’s surface. This provides a smooth, jointed edge to slide easily along the fence of the table saw (the next step.)

18. CUTTING PROJECT PIECES The 3RD & 4TH steps are done on a TABLE SAW. We set the fence of this saw to the EXACT WIDTH we want the board to be when we are finished. If the board is wide enough for two or more cuts, or if multiple boards are cut, the saw is set only once. We push the board CAREFULLY & SLOWLY through the saw making a RIPPING cut (with the grain.)

19. CUTTING PROJECT PIECES The 5 th & 6 th STEPS can be done on either a RADIAL ARM SAW (large pieces) or a MITER SAW (small.) We CAREFULLY TRIM ONE END SQUARE with a CROSSCUT. This makes the end EVEN & SQUARE. Then we MEASURE the board to its EXACT LENGTH. We then place the board back on the saw, and we CROSSCUT the board to its EXACT LENGTH. NOW WE HAVE OUR PROJECT PIECE!

20. ANY QUESTIONS? This concludes part one of the wood notes COMPLETE THE REVIEW WORKSHEET FOR THESE PAGES OF NOTES (Due on___________) STUDY FOR THE QUIZ! AS SOON AS YOU TAKE AND PASS YOUR QUIZ, YOU WILL BE WORKING IN SHOP!