1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key. How to Use This Presentation

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter Presentation TransparenciesStandardized Test Prep Visual Concepts Resources

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Protists Chapter 25 Table of Contents Section 1 Characteristics of Protists Section 2 Animal-like Protists Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Section 4 Protists and Humans

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Characteristics of Protists Chapter 25 Objectives Define protist. Describe a hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotic cells. Explain how protists are classified. Describe the two major ways by which protists obtain energy. List three structures protists use for movement. Describe how protists reproduce.

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 25 A Diverse Group of Eukaryotes Protists are unicellular or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, fungi, or animals. Section 1 Characteristics of Protists

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 25 Characteristics of Protists Section 1 Characteristics of Protists

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 25 A Diverse Group of Eukaryotes, continued The First Eukaryotes –Evidence suggests that the first protists arose from endosymbiotic prokaryotes. Section 1 Characteristics of Protists

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 25 Origin of Eukaryotic Cells Section 1 Characteristics of Protists

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 25 Classification Protists are classified by the characteristics that make them fungus-like, plant-like, or animal-like. Section 1 Characteristics of Protists

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 25 Characteristics Unicellular and Multicellular –Most protists are unicellular, but some form large, multicellular bodies. Section 1 Characteristics of Protists

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 25 Comparing Organisms that are Unicellular and Multicellular Section 1 Characteristics of Protists

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 25 Characteristics, continued Nutrition –Many protists are autotrophs, organisms that make their own food. –Other protists are heterotrophs, organisms that must get their food by eating other organisms or their byproducts. Section 1 Characteristics of Protists

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 25 Characteristics, continued Motility –Protists use flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia for locomotion. Section 1 Characteristics of Protists

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 25 Reproduction Protists reproduce either asexually, sexually, or both. They reproduce asexually by binary fission or multiple fission. They often reproduce sexually by conjugation. Section 1 Characteristics of Protists

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 25 Protist Reproduction Section 1 Characteristics of Protists

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Animal-like Protists Chapter 25 Objectives Discuss the key characteristics of Protozoa, Ciliophora, Sarcomastigophora, and Apicomplexa. Describe how protozoa use pseudopodia to move and to capture food. Explain how ciliates move and reproduce. Describe how mastigophorans move and capture food. Describe the role of apicomplexans in disease.

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Animal-like Protists Chapter 25 Phylum Protozoa Animal-like protists can be found in the phylum Protozoa. Protozoa use large, rounded, cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia for both movement and feeding.

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Animal-like Protists Chapter 25 Phylum Protozoa, continued Protozoan Diversity –Protozoans include organisms that inhabit the oceans, lakes, soil and even the human intestines.

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Animal-like Protists Chapter 25 Phylum Ciliophora Animal-like protists include the phylum Ciliophora. Ciliates move using cilia, which are short, hairlike, cytoplasmic projections that line the cell membrane.

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 25 Paramecium Section 2 Animal-like Protists

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Animal-like Protists Chapter 25 Phylum Ciliophora, continued Characteristics –Ciliates have the most elaborate organelles, including two types of nuclei.

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 25 Feeding Habits of a Ciliate Section 2 Animal-like Protists

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Animal-like Protists Chapter 25 Phylum Ciliophora, continued Reproduction –Ciliates reproduce asexually by binary fission and sexually by conjugation.

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Animal-like Protists Chapter 25 Phylum Sarcomastigophora Animal-like protists include the phyla Protozoa, Sarcomastigophora. For locomotion, sarcomastigophorans use flagella.

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Animal-like Protists Chapter 25 Phylum Apicomplexa Animal-like protists include the phyla Apicomplexa. These protists are animal parasites.

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 25 Types of Animal-like Protists Section 2 Animal-like Protists

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Objectives Describe four main body forms of algae. List the common name for each of the seven phyla of plantlike protists. Explain how green algae and plants are similar. Describe four phyla of funguslike protists. Compare plasmodial slime molds, cellular slime molds, and water molds.

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Characteristics of Algae Algae can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, or multicellular. Seven phyla of plantlike protists are Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, Bacillariophyta, Dinoflagellata, Chrysophyta, and Euglenophyta.

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Plantlike Protists Phylum Chlorophyta (Green Algae) –The phylum Chlorophyta contains more than 17,000 identified species of protists called green algae. –Both green algae and plants have chlorophylls and accessory pigments, store food as starch, and have cell walls made up of cellulose.

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Plantlike Protists, continued Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) –The phylum Phaeophyta includes approximately 1,500 species of multicellular organisms called brown algae. –Brown algae are mostly marine organisms, and they include plantlike seaweeds and kelps.

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Plantlike Protists, continued Phylum Rhodophyta (Red Algae) –The 4,000 species in the phylum Rhodophyta are known as red algae. –A few species of red algae live in fresh water or on land, but most red algae are marine seaweeds.

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Plantlike Protists, continued Phylum Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) –The phylum Bacillariophyta contains as many as 100,000 species of unicellular protists called diatoms.

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Plantlike Protists, continued Phylum Dinoflagellata (Dinoflagellates) –More than 2,000 species of organisms called dinoflagellates make up the phylum Dinoflagellata. –Some species of dinoflagellates, such as those in genus Noctiluca, can produce bioluminescence, a display of sparkling light often seen in ocean water at night.

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Plantlike Protists, continued Phylum Chrysophyta (Golden Algae) –The phylum Chrysophyta contains about 1,000 species of golden algae. Most golden algae live in fresh water, but a few species are found in marine environments.

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Plantlike Protists, continued Phylum Euglenophyta (Euglenoids) –The phylum Euglenophyta contains about 1,000 species of flagellated unicellular algae called euglenoids. –Euglenoids are both plantlike and animal-like. Many are autotrophic, like plants, but they lack a cell wall and are highly motile, like animals.

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 25 Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Structure of Euglena

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Funguslike Protists Biologists recognize two groups of funguslike protists: slime molds and water molds.

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Funguslike Protists, continued Phylum Myxomycota (Plasmodial Slime Molds) –Plasmodial slime molds are multinucleate. –As the plasmodium creeps along the forest floor by cytoplasmic streaming, it consumes decaying leaves and other debris by phagocytosis.

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Funguslike Protists, continued Phylum Dictyostelida (Cellular Slime Mold) –Cellular slime molds live as individual haploid cells that move about like amoebas. –Each cell moves as an independent organism, creeping over the ground or swimming in fresh water and ingesting food.

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Funguslike Protists, continued Phylum Oomycota (Water Molds) –Water molds are composed of branching filaments and many of this phylum are parasitic.

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Funguslike Protists, continued Phylum Chytridiomycota (Water Molds) –Members of phylum Chytridiomycota, or the chytrids, are primarily aquatic protists characterized by gametes and zoospores with a single, posterior flagellum.

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Protists and Humans Chapter 25 Objectives State four environmental roles of protists. Describe algal blooms and red tides and their impact. State an important role for protists in research. List a use of protists as food and three uses of protist byproducts. Describe four protist-caused diseases.

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Protists and Humans Chapter 25 Protists in the Environment Protists produce large amounts of oxygen, form the foundation of food webs, recycle materials, and play a role in several symbiotic relationships.

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Protists and Humans Chapter 25 Protists in the Environment, continued Ecology of Protists –Algal blooms can lead to the depletion of oxygen in water. –Red tides produce harmful toxins.

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Protists and Humans Chapter 25 Protists in Research Research on protists has helped biologists understand a number of fundamental cellular functions, such as leukocyte movement.

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Protists and Humans Chapter 25 Protists in Industry Protists as Food –For thousands of years, humans have been collecting seaweeds for food.

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Protists and Humans Chapter 25 Protists in Industry, continued Protist Byproducts –Protists provide important byproducts, such as alginate, carrageenan, and agar.

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Protists and Humans Chapter 25 Protists and Health Parasitic protists cause malaria, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, and trichomoniasis in humans.

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Protists and Humans Chapter 25 Protists and Health Malaria –Parasitic protists in the genus Plasmodium cause malaria, which is characterized by severe chills, headache, fever, and fatigue. –Each year, nearly 3 million people die from malaria.

50. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 25 Life Cycle of Plasmodium Section 4 Protists and Humans

51. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 25 Malaria Life Cycle Section 4 Protists and Humans

52. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 1. Most scientists believe that protists evolved from which of the following? A. fungi B. plants C. euglenoids D. prokaryotes Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25

53. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 1. Most scientists believe that protists evolved from which of the following? A. fungi B. plants C. euglenoids D. prokaryotes Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25

54. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2. Protist habitats are often characterized by the presence of which of the following? F. soil G. algae H. blood J. moisture Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25

55. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2. Protist habitats are often characterized by the presence of which of the following? F. soil G. algae H. blood J. moisture Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25

56. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. Flagella are characteristic of members of which phylum? A. Protozoa B. Ciliophora C. Apicomplexa D. Sarcomastigophora Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25

57. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. Flagella are characteristic of members of which phylum? A. Protozoa B. Ciliophora C. Apicomplexa D. Sarcomastigophora Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25

58. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Use the table below to answer questions 4 - 5. The table shows cases of amebiasis and malaria in the United States between 1986 and 1994. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25

59. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. How many people had malaria in 1992? F. 1,087 G. 1,229 H. 1,292 J. 2,942 Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25

60. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. How many people had malaria in 1992? F. 1,087 G. 1,229 H. 1,292 J. 2,942 Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25

61. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 5. How did the number of cases of amebiasis change between 1986 and 1994? A. The number of cases increased. B. The number of cases decreased. C. The number of cases stayed the same. D. The number of cases increased, then decreased. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25

62. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 5. How did the number of cases of amebiasis change between 1986 and 1994? A. The number of cases increased. B. The number of cases decreased. C. The number of cases stayed the same. D. The number of cases increased, then decreased. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25

63. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Complete the following analogy: 6. Bacillariophyta : autotrophs :: Apicomplexa : F. cilia G. flagella H. parasites J. plasmodium Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25

64. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Complete the following analogy: 6. Bacillariophyta : autotrophs :: Apicomplexa : F. cilia G. flagella H. parasites J. plasmodium Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25

65. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Use the graph below to answer question 7. The graph shows the cycle of fever in a malaria patient. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25 7. In this patient, how often does the cycle of fever repeat? A. every 12 h B. every 24 h C. every 48 h D. every 96 h

66. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Use the graph below to answer question 7. The graph shows the cycle of fever in a malaria patient. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25 7. In this patient, how often does the cycle of fever repeat? A. every 12 h B. every 24 h C. every 48 h D. every 96 h

67. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response Anopheles mosquitoes require water to breed. What would happen to malaria cases during a dry season and during a wet season? Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25

68. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response, continued Anopheles mosquitoes require water to breed. What would happen to malaria cases during a dry season and during a wet season? Answer: During the dry season, malaria cases would decrease because there are fewer mosquitoes. Cases would increase during the wet season because there are more mosquitoes. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25

69. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25 Extended Response Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below. A scientist wants to examine the effect of fertilizer on algal blooms. In the laboratory, the scientist adds increasing amounts of fertilizer to three samples of pond water and adds no fertilizer to a fourth sample of pond water. Part A Which samples will show increased algal growth? Explain your answer. Part B How can the scientist apply his or her laboratory results to a natural ecosystem? Compare the scientist’s experiment to a natural ecosystem, such as a pond.

70. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Prep Chapter 25 Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A All of the samples to which fertilizer was added should show increased algal growth in proportion to the amount of fertilizer added. The nutrients in fertilizer promote algal growth. Part B Sample answer: The scientist can study water samples from the environment for the amount of fertilizer in each. He or she can then compare the water samples to his laboratory results. The scientist’s experiment lacks some of the factors found in ecosystems, such as algal consumers, changes in weather, and additional nutrients.