1. Egypt's Old Kingdom Chapter 2 Section 2

2. Old Kingdom 2600-2300 B.C. Pharaohs appointed many officials
Oversaw building projects, controlled trade and collected taxes
Egyptians believed the unity of Egypt depended on a strong leader
Pharaohs were considered to be the son of Re: sun god
‏believed pharaoh was a god on earth who controlled Egypt's welfare

3. Famous Pharaohs of Old Kingdom
Sneferu
Khufu
Djoser

4. Egypt's Religion -Egyptians were polytheistic
-Believed that the deities, or gods and goddesses controlled the forces of nature and human activities
Isis: represented
the loyal wife
and mother, ruled
over death with
her husband
Hapi: god of the
Nile

5. Osiris God of the Underworld Cut into pieces by his brother Seth
Put back together by his wife Isis
Rules the afterlife

6. Anubis Jackal headed god He guides the dead to the underworld
God of mummification

7. Anhk
Symbol of life

8. Wedjet Eye
Believed to be stolen from Ra
Used to protect the dead

9. Earliest burial methods
Placing bodies in sand and letting it dry naturally
Mastabas= means bench

10. Life After Death
-Egyptians believed life in the next world would be better
-Place of peace and plenty
-Book of the Dead: collection of spells and prayers that was studied to obtain life after death
-Osiris would detemine whether they would be granted life after death

11. Book of the Dead
Weighing of the Heart ceremony

12. Mummification Process
At first, only pharaohs and the
upper class could be afforded
a burial
Egyptians created the embalming
process: preserving the body for
eternity
Process took 70 days
Remove brain through nose
Remove organs (not heart)‏
Sterilize body and organs
Dehydrate organs, place them in canopic jars
Cover body with natron, leave for 40 days
Pack body with linen that has been soaked in resin, myrrh and cinnamon
Pack eye sockets with beeswax
Learned about
human body.
Used herbs and
drugs to treat
illnesses.

13. Mummification Process con’t
Wrap mummy in 1,000 yards of linen, place amulets between layers
Body is placed in coffin, then in sarcophagus
All is completed by using the Book of the Dead
/main.html
egypt.com/framed/framed.cgi?url== dsc.discovery.com/convergence/greatpyra mid/mummymaker/media/mummy_maker. swf

14. Ka and Ba Ka: Soul of a person
Ba: Always depicted as a half human half bird. Must be able to recognize the deceased.

15. Example of canopic jars

16. Mummy of Ramses II

17. Shabits Mummy shaped figures used in the tombs
Believed to do work for the dead in the afterlife

18. Sarcophagus
Literally means flesh eating stone

19. How Was a Pyramid Built? -built by tens of thousands of workers
-farmers, surveyors, engineers, carpenters and stone cutters
-because of pyramid building advancements were made in astronomy and math
-study of the stars allowed Egyptians to determine true north and develop a 365 day calendar with 12 months
-system of number based on 10
-created fractions

20. How did they get the stones up?
Stones were loaded onto a sled/sledge. They were then placed on log rollers and pulled up the ramp.
The logs were kept wet with water or milk.
No mortar was needed between the stones.
See Building the Pyramids Puzzle worksheet for the steps of building.
Must have a solid base

21. Pyramids and tombs of ancient Egypt

22. Pyramid timeline

23. Step Pyramid of Saqqara
First pyramid built by Pharaoh Djoser
204 feet tall
Designed by Imhotep
Tomb in the ground, mastaba on top of mastaba

24. Bent Pyramid of Dashur Built by Snefru
Unique because the angle abruptly changes midway through construction
Begins at 55 degrees then goes to 43 degrees
Total height 344 feet
/cyberjourney/dahshur/bent pyramid/bent_pyramid_inter ior.htm

25. Reconstruction of Giza Plateau

26. Sphinx Guardian of the plateau Built by Khafre
Head of Khafre and body of lion

27. The Sphinx

28. Pyramids of Giza Three pyramids 482 feet tall
Smaller wives pyramids were also found
Largest belonging to Khufu
Second and third= Khafre and Menkaure
482 feet tall
Contained 2.3 million stones, some weighing as much as 2 ½ tons
_virtual.htm#

29. Cross section of Khufu’s pyramid

31. Pyramids of Giza Video Check up
The average weight of each block used to construct the Great Pyramid at Giza was _____. (Choose only one answer)  
1 ton  
2.5 tons
 200 pounds  
1,000 pounds

32. Funeral boat of Khufu
This boat was found disassembled in a pit outside of the Great Pyramid. It was believed to carry the body of Khufu to his final resting place.

33. End of the Old Kingdom Pyramids were a financial drain on economy
Nobility experienced a rapid growth
Many more nobles wanted more power
Civil war breaks out with nobles fighting for power
over resources and support of lower classes
The Old Kingdom capital of Memphis is threatened