1. Osophies, Ologies, & Isms
Good times had by all

2. Philosophy Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814) Georg Hegel (1770-1831)
Arthur Schopenhauer ( )
Søren Aabye Kierkegaard ( )
Friedrich Nietzsche ( )
Martin Heidegger ( )
Jean-Paul Sartre ( )
Michel Foucault ( )
Jacques Derrida ( )
Roberto Unger***

3. Political Philosophy
Concerns itself with what “ought” to be the relationship between man and the state
What ought to be adopted and/or enacted by the state
Machiavelli introduces rudimentary scientific method with “observations”
Concept of Natural Law and Natural Right introduced in this context

4. Political Philosophers
Machiavelli
Luther / Calvin
Francis Bacon
Thomas Hobbes
Montesquieu, Locke, Rosseau
Edmund Burke
Paine, Jefferson
Mary Wollstoncraft
Georg Hegal
Comte
Alexis de Tocqueville
Mikhail Bakunin
Marx and Engels
Spencer
Nietzsche
Max Weber
Lenin

5. Liberalism: (see handout)
Generally positive in outlook
Locke’s “An Essay on Human Understanding” is cornerstone work
Focus is on the securing of human freedoms
The state is responsible for securing those freedoms
The liberal seeks the best form of government which will permit the individual to pursue life as he or she sees fit within a neutral framework, and it is the possibility of a neutral framework that critics challenge the liberal ideal.

6. Conservatism Traditionally a pessimistic view of human nature
Seek to secure the status quo through established political structures
Thomas Hobbes and Edmund Burke are poster children for conservatism
Oppose revolution and reform
Private property is sacred right

7. 19th and 20th c. century European conservatism
England: Burke, Whigs, and Tory(ies)
Congress System et al
French and German conservatism dominate the political scene in late century
Nazi Germany and Hitler destroy credibility for several decades
Among those responsible for the “neo-conservatism of late 20th c is British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher & US Pres R.R.

8. Whigs Tories
Both: Relatively conservative & upper-class bias; both anti-Catholic at times; dry humor and like tea
Const’ mono & opposition to absolutism parliament primacy
Power residing in people
Supported aristocratic fams (‘Country Party’)
Supported non-Anglicans (dissenters)
(18th c) Supported liberal free trade, abolition of slavery, expansion of suffrage, industrialists and urban dwellers  reformer
Passed 1832, but more than they wanted
Anti-Corn Law League
Evolves into Liberal Party
William Pitt the Younger
Supported landed interests –gentry (noble, but not title), Anglican Church, & crown (‘Court Party’)  Royalists
Sovereignty of leaders & hierarchy
Loyalists before 1688; then dissenters  supported Stuarts
(18th c) Associated with “old” landowning gentry against ‘new money’  supported status quo & privileges & exclusions
Championed workers (against industrialists)
Opposed Home Rule
Evolved into Conservative Party

9. Socialism
Advocates state ownership and control of the means of production
Capitalism is morally and politically flawed
Gained popularity prior to and after World War I
Modern European (western) society is a careful mixture of capitalist and socialist principles

10. Anarchism
Anarchy stems from the Greek word, anarkos, meaning "without a chief."
Any institution or morality that is inconsistent with the life freely chosen is to be attacked, criticized, and rejected.
What is therefore the crucial issue for anarchists is defining what constitutes genuinely artificial impediments and structures from those that are the product of nature or of voluntary activities.

11. Environmentalism Not Green Peace!!!
Concerns itself less with the rights of people and more with the rights of other species and the planet

12. Political philosophy AP Questions
Identify and summarize the differences between socialism and liberalism in 19th century Europe.
Discuss the origins and evolution of European Liberalism as a political movement during the 19th century.

13. Economics François Quesnay,1694-1774
Tableau Économique (1759) Physiocrat
Adam Smith,
The Wealth of Nations (1776)
Thomas Malthus,
Nikolai Ivanovitch Bukharin,
Thorstein Veblen, ***
John Maynard Keynes,
John Kenneth Galbraith ( )

14. Economic Theory (s) Feudalism Mercantilism (see notes and textbook)
Physiocrats: French school rejected (M) had as primary objective the further development of agriculture as central feature of economy / a laissez-faire approach
Classical School: Began with publication of Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations / L-F but pressed idea of a complex economy. Ricardo, Malthus, Mill among disciples
Marginalist School: Introduced concepts of supply and demand and consumer utility

15. Economic Theory (s)
Marxist School: Karl Marx presents concept of evolutionary economic theory / capitalism exploits workers / forecast proletarian revolution and demise of capitalism
Institutionalist School: Discusses economic theory as part of society as a whole / economy influenced by forces other than economic / rejected L-F and advocated government control in the effort to more equitably distribute income
Keynesian School: Reaction to the worldwide depression of the 1930’s / advocate government intervention on the tax and spending side when conditions dictate

16. Economics AP Questions
Describe and analyze economic policies in Western and Eastern Europe after 1945.
Compare and contrast the economic role of the state in 17th c. and 18th c. Europe to the social and economic roles of the state in Europe after the Second World War.
Analyze how economic and social developments affected women in England between

17. Sociology: the systematic study of social behavior, human groups and institutions.
Origins in 19th c. Industrialism
Originally a desire to understand the human response to exploitation of industrialism and changing nature of relationships as a result of urbanization
Areas of study include religion, education, economics, law, psychology, ethics, philosophy and theology
Important because it attempts to explain fundamental changes that take place among its subject elements

18. Sociologists Auguste Comte (1798-1857) Émile Durkheim (1858-1917)
Herbert Spencer ( )
Max Weber ( )
Michel Foucault ( )

19. Social History AP Questions:
Compare and contrast the women’s suffrage movements of the late 19th century and early 20th century with the European feminist movements of the 1960’s and 1970’s
Identify four specific changes in science and technology and explain their effects on Western European Family and private life between
Analyze and assess the extent to which the First World War accelerated European Social change in such areas as work, sex roles, and government in everyday life.

20. Psychology The study of Psychology as a science began in Europe
Progressed through many different thinkers with different ideas and schools of thought
This succession was affected by Europe’s history as well as Europe’s culture being affected by psychology
Psychology was not a defined science for a while, it began in Vienna with Sigmund Freud.

21. Darwin’s Impact on European Society
Darwin’s idea of the Survival of the fittest affected many European lives
It changed the attitude of many people, making them much more competitive and ruthless
The idea behind Manifest Destiny is also inspired by Darwin
Darwin’s theories changed the perception of many Europeans and set a different tone for how life should be held out.

22. Paul Pierre Broca (1824-1880) Broca’s Research and Discovery
Researched the location of the production of speech
Researched of the lateralization of brain functions
Discovered the speech production center of the brain, located in the frontal lobes
Region now known as “Broca’s area”
It was an important discovery during its time because it solved the mystery of where lanuage was produced and allowed a solution to be created.

23. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Known as the “” Father of Psychology
He believed that psychology could not be based upon any metaphysical assumptions, it needed scientific evidence to support his hypothesis.

24. Edward B. Titchener ( )
He attempted to classify the structures of the mind like other scientists would
An example of his attempting to classify structures, is like a chemist. Hydrogen and oxygen are structures that make up a compound, so are sensations and thoughts which make up the structures of the mind.

25. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Freud’s impact on European Society
Revolutionized ideas of how the human mind works
Established the theory that the unconscious motives control much of human behavior
Advanced fields of psychiatry and psychology
Freud helped create new theories of child rearing, education, and sociology.

26. Freud’s Impact on European Art Movement
Freud’s theories influenced surrealism
Freud preformed psychoanalysis which was like the concept of many paintings
Exploring the inner depths of the unconscious mind
Freud’s ideas also were used by many authors and artists as subject matter

27. Freud’s Theories The Id The Ego The Superego
Freud observed many patients on how they behaved according to their unconscious drives and experiences
Thought that people used what he called defense mechanisms
Freud’s Division of the Brain
Freud believed that the brain was divided into three different parts
The Id
The Ego
The Superego
Defense mechanisms he thought were a way to cope with painful experiences and memories.

28. Carl Gustav Jung (1875- 1961) Founder of analytical psychology
Successor of Sigmund Freud
Jung rejected Freud’s ideas on the influence of sexuality.

29. Jung’s Works It focused on the two dimensions of the unconscious
He broke with Freud in 1912, when he published Psychology of the Unconscious
It focused on the two dimensions of the unconscious
The personal part, encompasses the repressed or forgotten content of an individual's mental and material life
The “collective unconscious”, which Jung referred to as the acts and mental patterns shared either by members of a culture or universally by all human beings
Psychological Types is about a person’s personality and the differences between extroversion and introversion.

30. Alfred Adler (1870-1937) Founder of individual psychology
Rejected Freudian theories
He decided that he wanted to become a doctor in order to fight deadly diseases.

31. Adler’s Achievements
In 1898, he wrote his first book which his main beliefs of his school of thought were based
Focusing on the necessity of looking at man as a whole, reacting to his/her environment
In 1912 Adler published, The Neurotic Constitution
His next book was Understanding Human Nature in 1927
Understanding Human Nature in 1927 includes lectures given at the Viennese Institute for Adult Education

32. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Terms Process of Learning
Schema- certain skills learned to deal with ones environment
Assimilation- the act of copying a behavior learned from an old schema and repeating it on a new object
Accommodation- accommodating an old schema to a new object
Adaptation- broad term for learning how to do many things
An example of assimilation is an infant grabs a rattle and puts it in his/or her mouth, when a watch is placed in front of the infant they do the same thing. An example of accommodation is when an infant usually grabs a toy but when he tries to grab the beach ball it rolls away, so the infant adapts his/ or her schema and squeezes the ball to move it, which is creating a new schema. These terms affected life in Europe by making people be aware of their actions and their motives.

33. Piaget’s Cognitive Stages
Sensorimotor stage
From birth to two years old
Preoperational stage
From two years old to seven years old
Concrete stage
From seven years old to eleven years old
Formal stage
Over eleven years old
Piaget said that people fell into these four categories in their development.

34. AP FRQ’s:
Compare and contrast political liberalism with political conservatism in the first half of the 19th century in Europe.
Analyze the criticism of European society presented by European authors in the period of Be sure to include at least two works.
Describe and analyze the ways in which Marxism, Freudianism, and the women’s movement challenged traditional European beliefs before WW I

35. AP FRQ’s:
Describe the differences among the Utopian socialists, Karl Marx, and Revisionist socialists in their critique of 19th century economy and society.
Describe and analyze the issues and ideas in the debate in Europe between over the proper role of government in the economy. Give specific examples.