1. THE NIXON ADMINISTRATION Section 20.5 and 22.1

2. 1968 ELECTION  Nixon barely beat Humphrey and Wallace  Vowed to represent Middle America and the Silent Majority

3. NEW FEDERALISM  Believed US had tired of LBJ’s Great Society  $$$  Believed gov’t COULD fix social problems if it gave more power to the states to use locally  Revenue sharing

4. A FRUSTRATED PERSPECTIVE  1969 – Nixon assumed the lead of a nation divided and embittered by Vietnam  US was unwilling to further directly challenge Soviet strength globally

5. EXPANDING GOV’T POWER  Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)  Regulated the workplace  Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) created  Clean Air Act – designed to control air pollution on a national level  Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) created  Domestic enforcement of the controlled substances act  Medicare grew

6. LEFTOVER STAGFLATION FROM LBJ  Costs of Vietnam and Great Society came due for Nixon  Inflation and recession coupled to create Stagflation  Foreign competition further hurts economy (Japan and Germany)

7. PHILADELPHIA PLAN  Nixon is pragmatic…learns to work for everyone  Required labor unions and Federal Contractors to hire minorities  First form of affirmative action  Wants to ensure equal opportunity

8. FLAWED NIXON RESPONSE  15 Aug 1971 – Nixon places a 90 freeze on wages and prices  Price controls cause economic tailspin through mid-1970s as supply and demand rules ignored

9. GOV’T INTERFERENCE IN THE MARKETPLACE  Normal Economics - High prices signal business to produce more out of self interest  After the Controls - Price and Wage controls make it not worth the time to produce and ship more  Causes shortages for the consumer (more gas lines)

10. REDEFINING THE COLD WAR Foreign Policy of Nixon

11. TIME FOR A NEW FOREIGN POLICY  Nixon and Henry Kissinger forge a model of “REALPOLITIK”  Policy determined by concrete interests, not by ideology  Makes for messy bedfellows (the enemy of my enemy…)

12. GAINING TRACTION  Realpolitik allows for trade with communists and trade wars with allies  Policy looked at individual communist nations rather than a global unified threat  Created flexibility in US foreign policy

13. BREAKING DOWN COMMUNISM Nixon’s effective splitting of the Chinese – Soviet Alliance

14. FIGURING OUT THE PLAYERS - CHINA  Mao – not such a good guy  Collectivization (1955) – 100 Flowers Campaign  Great Leap Forward (1958)  Cultural Revolution (1966)  60-80 million dead  Mao’s perceptions  Resented USSR who looked at him in a secondary standing  Feared US after Korean War  Truman Doctrine  Trying to expand influence (Tibet, Korea, Vietnam)  Border disputes with USSR over Mongolia

15. ACTUAL PING-PONG DIPLOMACY  April 1971 – US team invited to play in China after Japan tournament  1 st US citizens in China since 1949  July 1971 – Nixon sends Henry Kissinger on one day visit to Pakistan (secret meeting with Prime Minister Zhou Enlai of China)  Negotiated a visit by Nixon to China to RECOGNIZE China!

16. BACK ON THE HOMEFRONT Nixon’s Policies at Home

17. NIXON’S IMPACT ON POLITICS AND SOCIETY  Southern Strategy  Target white southerners and blue-collar workers – traditional Democrats  Plan to control national politics for years to come for the Republican party

18. SOUTHERN STRATEGY BUILDS  South historically democrats  After moratorium, Nixon appeals to “Dixiecrats” on  foreign policy strength  More moderate civil rights views  Smaller federal gov’t with more states rights

19. THE BUSING ISSUE  1971 – Supreme Court mandates busing to integrate schools  Nixon speaks out, issues moratorium  Very popular over all US

20. CHINA HELPS TO THAW THE COLD WAR Back to Foreign Policy

21. NIXON RECOGNIZES CHINA  Feb 1972 – Nixon visits China  Offers recognition and trade relations  Radical realpolitik move that shocks the USSR  Terrified of potential Chinese – US alliance and rising Chinese power

22. A THAWING OF THE COLD WAR  Chinese visit pays off  Already tense with China over Mongolia, the Soviets fear isolation if US and China ally  1972 – Brezhnev invites Nixon to Moscow

23. DÉTENTE  Nixon policies create coordination instead of suspicion  Short Run – helps end Vietnam War (USSR pressed on N. Vietnam to negotiate a treaty)  Long Run – beginning of the end of the Cold War

24. BENEFICIAL OUTCOMES OF THE SUMMIT  Plans to coordinate on the environment and medical care  Plans for joint space missions (Apollo – Soyuz link in space)  SALT froze missile deployment and ABM deployment

25. S.A.L.T.  Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (S.A.L.T.) – reduce the number of missiles for the US and USSR  By mid-1970s each side had 25,000 warheads  Today the US has 10,000 and Russia has 15,000  Known Nuclear Countries Today:  US, Russia, England, France, China, India, Pakistan, N. Korea (kind of), and Israel

26. AFFECTS OF THE COLD WAR THAW AT HOME The People’s Response to Nixon’s Strategies

27. NIXON WINS AGAIN  Nixon’s 1972 Election  Peace in Vietnam  Men on the moon  Represents the common man  Strong on crime  Middle way on civil rights  Popular over China and USSR  Environment  Landslide victory

28. SOCIAL UPHEAVAL  Vietnam Protests, AIM, La Raza  Roe vs. Wade  1973 – Burger Court rules for abortions  Highly controversial today!

29. THE YOM KIPPUR WAR OF 1973  Arab states (Soviet allies) and Israel (US ally) go to war  US and USSR push both sides to negotiate cease-fire  Nixon used Kissinger and “Shuttle Diplomacy”  1 st mutual effort to coordinate, not control

30. MAKING THINGS WORSE  1973 – Yom Kippur War causes Arabs to ban together to create Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)  Embargo oil sales to Israel’s allies  Oil jumps up 400%

31. EMBARGO EFFECTS  Gas went from 38¢ to 55¢ in one year  Rationing system  Could only fill up based on the last number of the license plate  Oil embargo lasted about a year  We went to Canada (largest dealer today)