1. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Lesson 7: INDUSTRIAL NOISE CONTROL ARC 507: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL III (ACOUSTICS AND NOISE CONTROL) DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE.

2. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 1. Summary. 2. Introduction. 3. Hierarchy of Control. 4. New Workplaces or New Equipment. Buy Quiet Company Policy. Case Studies. Buy Quiet Manufacturing Standards 5. New Workplaces Layout. Case Studies. 6. Existing Workplaces. 7. Elimination. Case Studies. 8. Substitution. 9. Isolation. Contents

3. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Noise is one of the most common occupational hazards Results in many workers being affected by noise induced hearing loss. Risk due to exposure to high noise levels can be reduced by: Elimination Substitution Isolation Engineering control at source and in the transmission path. This lesson covers: The basics of the noise reduction methods With more emphasis on physical means of noise reduction rather than administrative controls or protective hearing devices. Summary

4. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria This lecture describes basic principles of noise control and explains how to apply the hierarchy of control of exposure to high noise levels. It outlines the methods, equipment and materials for engineering control of noise and gives many examples that illustrate their use. Introduction

5. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria The hierarchy of control requires that risk is reduced by noise control measures in the first instance and then, if the achieved reduction is not sufficient, by administrative controls and personal hearing protectors. Hierarchy of Control

6. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Many countries have introduced legal obligations and guidelines requiring employers to protect their employees and others from exposure to excessive noise. These legal aspects set up the desired steps of a comprehensive prevention management system to achieve reduction in risk due to exposure to noise. Hierarchy of Control

7. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Noise control measures are physical means that reduce noise levels and can be divided into the following categories: ●Elimination ● Substitution ● Isolation ● Engineering Control at the source and transmission path. Hierarchy of Control

8. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Administrative control is any arrangement that significantly reduces the worker's exposure time to noise hazards. For example, ► Job Rotation, ► Production Scheduling, ► Job Redesign and, ► Introducing Appropriate Training on Noise. Hierarchy of Control

9. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria The next step in a prevention management system is the provision of personal protective equipment such as; Earplugs or Earmuffs. This should be used as the last line of defence when noise and administrative control measures cannot keep the noise levels below the criteria set for the workplace. Hierarchy of Control

10. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Health surveillance also plays an important part because it helps to identify hearing problems so they can be prevented from developing further. All these steps should be considered when developing a noise control program for the workplace. Hierarchy of Control

11. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Hierarchy of Control

12. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria New Workplaces or New Equipment It is very important to incorporate noise aspects in the early design process for new workplaces, so the decisions made about what equipment to purchase and how to layout this equipment lead to the quietest practicable workplace.

13. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Buy Quiet Company Policy Buy Quiet is; ● most effective means of noise control. For New Workplace; ● establish acceptable noise criteria for new equipments. ● include them in purchase specifications.

14. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria CASE STUDIES 1. Baulderstone Clough Joint Venture Yanmar Vio50 excavator with a rock breaker attachment (noise levels at 7m distance of 65 dB(A)).

15. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria CASE STUDIES 2. Macmahon Contractors (WA) Pty Ltd Earth Moving equipment fitted with acoustically treated cabin. (noise levels 75 dB(A) or below).

16. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria CASE STUDIES 2. Macmahon Contractors (WA) Pty Ltd Typical generator set used by Macmahon on their construction sites. (noise levels below 85 dB(A) at 1m.).

17. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Buy Quiet Manufacturing Standards To help designers, various countries have developed specific standards dealing with noise specifications for new machinery. The European Union (EU) has produced directives addressing groups of machinery which cover noise control as an essential part of machine safety. In The United States, the relevant standard is ANSI S12.16: Guidelines for the Specification of Noise of New Machinery (1992).

18. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Buy Quiet (c0nt.d) In Australia the law requires designers, manufacturers, producers, suppliers, importers and installers of plant to be used in workplaces to provide information about any hazard associated with the plant. These standards and directives have already led to manufacturers placing greater emphasis on the design of low noise equipment.

19. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria THE BUY QUIET PROCESS

20. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria New Workplaces Layout Another aspect of noise control is the layout of the purchased machinery. Evaluating the location of machinery on paper is much cheaper and easier than physically moving the equipment later. Simple rules to follow are:

21. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria New Workplaces Layout (cont.d) Keep machines, processes and work areas of approximately equal noise levels together; and Separate noisy and quiet areas by buffer zones with intermediate noise levels

22. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Case Studies John's Engineering and Cranes is a heavy engineering workshop manufacturing and repairing mining equipment. The premises consist of fitting, machining and fabrication sections and a spray booth.

23. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Case Studies (cont.d) The fabrication section is further divided into reparation, cutting and boiler making areas. In their previous building, the boiler making section, which is the noisiest, was placed in the middle of the workshop, thus affecting other areas that didn't generate high noise levels.

24. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Case Studies (cont.d) About a year ago the company built new premises. Before building the new workshop they decided to address the noise problems at the planning stage. The decision was made to use all the space available to separate noisy sections from quiet ones and provide some buffer zones between.

25. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Case Studies (cont.d) Boiler making section situated away from other sections. Spray booth situated in a separated building.

26. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Case Studies (cont.d) Administration building (left) separated from the workshop (to the right).

27. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria EXISTING WORKPLACES A noise control program in established workplaces should encompass; ► Identification, ► Assessment and ► Ranking of the Noise Sources.

28. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria EXISTING WORKPLACES (cont.d) Once the noise sources have been identified and assessed, a decision can be made on the best ways to control them, in accordance with the hierarchy of control. Engineering noise controls are concerned with the noise source, the noise transmission path, or the receiver, hence, can be controlled by;

29. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria EXISTING WORKPLACES (cont.d) Reducing the amount of sound energy released; Diverting the flow of the energy away from the receiver; or Protecting the receiver from this energy.

30. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria EXISTING WORKPLACES (cont.d) Quiet lunchroom. Fitting/machining placed away from noisy sections.

31. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ELIMINATION Elimination is the first step that should be considered when addressing exposure to noise at a workplace. After a critical examination of all existing processes it may be possible to eliminate the exposure entirely by changing one or more operations.

32. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Case Studies 1. John's Engineering and Cranes changed their metal cutting method to a low noise one, using an oxy-acetylene profile cutter. Oxy-acetylene cutting produces a cleaner finish and eliminates need for grinding

33. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Case Studies cont.d 2.Macmahon Contractors eliminated the use of hammers when installing or removing bearings. Hammering bearings into their position - a noisy process.

34. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Bearings cooled in liquid nitrogen fit easily and silently into casing. Heating bearings in a pie warmer to fit them in their place without hammering. Case Studies cont.d

35. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Substitution In many areas it is possible to substitute quieter processes for noisy ones. A properly designed purchasing policy that incorporates the "buy quiet" concept is often the best and most cost-effective way of controlling noise exposure. This minimizes the need for noise control later, which can be very costly.

36. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Substitution cont.d When purchasing new plant: Specify acceptable maximum noise levels during the tendering process, or Obtain noise emission data before purchasing to choose the quietest available and affordable plant.

37. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria E x a m p l e s o f Alternative Low-Noise Processes High-Noise ProcessesLow-Noise Processes Percussion rivetingCompression and roll riveting Drive by compressed air or internal combustion engine Electrical drive Heading in the dieTapering/full forward extrusion Push cuttingPull cutting Flow dryingRadiation drying Plasma oxygen cuttingPlasma cutting under water Cutting shock, punchingLaser-beam cutting Conventional TIG/TAG weldingTIG/TAG shielded arc welding Cutting with saw bladeWater-jet cutting Flame-hardeningLaser-beam hardening Fastening with rivetsPressure fixing Stroke formingHydraulic pressing

38. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria CASE STUDIES 1. Macmahon Contractors The 4" grinder is less noisy than the 9 " grinder. (reducing noise levels from 108 dB(A) down to 102 dB(A)).

39. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria CASE STUDIES cont.d 1. Macmahon Contractors Flexovit F16 saw replaces Makita 2414 cut-off saw. (reducing noise levels from 97 dB(A) down to 92 dB(A) cutting a 1" hollow tube).

40. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria CASE STUDIES cont.d 2. Baulderstone Clough Joint Venture Bauer BG22 bore pile. (reducing noise levels from 105 dB(A) (impact sheet pile driver down to 90 dB(A) at 5m).

41. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria CASE STUDIES cont.d 2. Baulderstone Clough Joint Venture Honda 9 HP portable generators with low noise Yanmar units. (reducing noise levels from 96 dB(A) (impact sheet pile driver down to 78 dB(A) at 1m).

42. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria CASE STUDIES cont.d 2. Baulderstone Clough Joint Venture middle range instead of large jackhammers. (reducing noise levels by 10 dB(A)).

43. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ISOLATION Isolation means separating noise sources from people involved in the work or others standing near by. It could mean relocating the noise source or relocating the operators or others to positions away from the noise source.

44. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria EXAMPLES 1.Isolating a Compressor from Workers Reduced Noise Levels.

45. ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria ARC 507: Environmental Control III (Acoustics and Noise Control) Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria EXAMPLES cont.d 2.Operators' Noise Exposure Reduced By Isolating Spray Booth. Noise was reduced by 5-8 dB(A).