1. Body Systems

2. Levels of Organization
Remember, the body is organized in several levels, from the simplest to the most complex. . .
Cells – the basic unit of life
Tissues – clusters of cells performing a similar function
Organs – made of tissues that perform one specific function
Organ Systems – groups of organs that perform a specific purpose in the body
The purpose of the 11 organ systems is for the body to maintain homeostasis

3. The 11 Body Systems Acronym: I Mrs. Drencie
-- Immune (lymphatic)system
-- muscular system
-- Respiratory system
-- Skeletal system
-- Digestive system
-- Reproductive system
-- Endocrine system
-- Nervous system
-- Circulatory system
-- Integumentary system
-- Excretory system
Acronym:
I Mrs. Drencie

4. The Immune System
Purpose: to remove infectious diseases and other pathogens from the human body (Body’s second line of defense.)
Major Organs and Their Functions
Skin – also called the integumentary system, the skin is the body’s first line of defense
White Blood Cells – recognize disease agents (antigens) and create antibodies to tag and remove these antigens
-- phagocytes are the white blood cell type that actually eats and destroys these antigens
Lymph Nodes – help filter bacteria and viruses in which WBC’s destroy. Located in the neck, arm and groin region.

5. White blood cell transfusion helps fight cancer in mice, science gets the go ahead to try on humans.
White blood cells
Cancer cell

6. The Muscular System
Purpose: works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce movement, also helps to circulate blood through the human body and digested food.
-- muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary
Types of Muscles in the Human Body
-- Cardiac ex: heart
-- smooth ex: stomach
-- skeletal ex: triceps, biceps

7. Skeletal/striated muscles are made up of numerous muscle fibers or sarcomeres.  The sarcomeres are made up actin and myosin filaments.  Myosin filaments are thicker than the actin filaments, which is what gives the striated appearance.  These two fibers move back and forth across each other as the muscle contracts and relax.  The process of contraction is a complex one involving nerve stimulation of the actin and myosin filaments.  The key elements involved are sodium and calcium ions.  An imbalance or shortage of these ions can result in muscle fatigue and/or cramping.

8. The human body has about 650 muscles—we say “about” because there is some disagreement as to which muscles are separate and that results in different muscle totals.
smallest muscle is the stapedius located in the middle ear and is 1.27 mm long. It controls the tiniest bone in the body, the stapes or stirrup bone. The stapes and two other bones conduct sound vibrations through the middle ear.

9. Body Worlds
Exhibit of real organisms specially preserved to study the body systems

10. The Respiratory System
Purpose: to provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygen for cellular respiration and remove the waste product carbon dioxide
Major Organs and Their Functions
Nose/Mouth – internal entry and exit point for air
Pharynx – serves as a passage way for both air and food at the back of the throat
Trachea – the “windpipe”, or what connects your pharynx to your lungs
-- a piece of skin, called the epiglottis, covers the trachea when you swallow, preventing food from entering your lungs

11. Bronchi – the two large passageways that lead from the trachea to your lungs (one for each lung)
-- the bronchi are further subdivided into bronchioles
-- eventually, the further subdivisions lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli
-- alveoli are in clusters, like grapes
-- capillaries surrounding each alveolus is where the exchange of gases with the blood occurs
diaphragm is the muscle that causes
you to breath
-- hiccups are involuntary
contractions of the diaphragm

12. Image of the Respiratory System

15. Respiratory system of other animals
External and Internal gills

16. The Skeletal System
Purpose: to provide structure and support to the body, protect vital organs and interact with muscles for movement.
Bones are where new blood cells are generated (in the marrow), and require the mineral calcium for strength
The Skeletal system includes bones, cartilage and ligaments.
-- femur- strongest bone in the body
-- patella- floating knee cap

17. endoskeletons
exoskeletons

18. The Digestive System
Purpose: to convert food particles into simpler macromolecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body
Digestive System Animation click here
Major Organs and their Functions:
Mouth – to chew and grind up food
-- saliva also begins the chemical breakdown
Esophagus – pipe connecting mouth to stomach
Stomach – secretes an extraordinarily strong acid (pH = 2) that leads to breakdown of food
-- once the food is broken down in the stomach and mixed with digestive juices, it is called chyme

19. Pancreas – produces the hormone insulin that regulates blood sugar levels
-- also help neutralize stomach acid
Liver – produces bile, which breaks down fats in foods
Gallbladder – pouch-like organ that stores bile for future use to break down fats
Small Intestine – after digestion is complete, the chyme enters the small intestine where it is absorbed into the bloodstream
-- the chyme is propelled along by folded surfaces called villi, on the intestine
Large Intestine – removes water from the chyme and gets the waste ready for excretion
Rectum – solid (food) waste travels out of the body through the rectum

20. Types of Digestion
Mechanical – actual break down of food into smaller bits.
Mastication –the chewing of food using the teeth. The food is broken down to smaller pieces and enables the chemicals in food to be released. These chemicals make digestion quicker and easier.
Peristalsis – consecutive contractions of muscles found in the stomach. This enables the food particles to mix with enzymes and gastric juices.
Chemical- occurs when digestive enzymes combine with water to break down fat, carbohydrates and protein into smaller molecules which can be easily absorbed by cells. Saliva, gastric juices (HCl acid), pancreatic juice, gall bladder and enzymes.

21. Site of Enzyme Origin
Enzyme
Nutrient It Breacks Down
Product Of Enzyme Action
Place of Enzyme Action
Salivary Glands
Salivary Amylase
Carbohydrates-sugars
Simple Sugars
Mouth
Gastric glands
Pepsin
Proteins
Amino Acids
Stomach
Liver
Bile
Fats/Lipids
Emulsifide Fats
Small Intestine
Maltase, Lactase, Sucrase
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars
Pancrease
Trypsin, Lipase, Amylase
Proteins, Fats/Lipids, Carbohydrates
Amino acids, Glycerol/Fatty Acids, Simple Sugars

22. Image of the Digestive System

23. Reproductive System
Purpose- survival of the species. To produce the offspring, the reproductive system has four functions:
To produce egg and sperm cells
To transport and sustain these cells
To nurture the developing offspring
To produce hormones
Reproductive Organs
Female- Ovaries produce eggs (gametes) and estrogen
Male-Testes produce sperm (gametes) and testosterone
Hormones aid in the maturation of the reproductive system, promote the development of sexual characteristics, and regulate the normal physiology of the reproductive system.
Other reproductive organs, ducts, and glands are used in transport and for sustaining the gametes and as well as nurturing the developing offspring.  

25. Cloning
Budding
Binary fission
Conjugation

26. The Endocrine System
Purpose: to control growth, development, metabolism, reproduction and regulates other organ systems through the production and secretion of hormones
Major Organs
-- hypothalamus- controls body temp, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and circadian cycles
-- pituitary gland- regulate growth, blood pressure, uterine contractions during childbirth, breast milk, sex organs, thyroid function, temp, etc
-- thyroid- controls how fast the body burns energy & makes proteins
-- adrenal glands- development and growth, affect our ability to deal with stress, and help to regulate kidney function
-- pancreas (sweet bread)- produce hormones such as insulin and digestive enzymes to break down food
-- testes- testosterone -- ovaries- estrogen and progesterone

28. The Nervous System
Purpose: Controls sensory and motor functions, regulates behavior, maintains homeostasis and regulates other organ systems
Major Organs and Their Functions
Brain – control center of the body, where all processes are relayed through
-- consists of cerebrum (controls thought and senses) and cerebellum (controls motor functions)
Spinal Cord – sends instructions from the brain to the rest of the body and vice versa
-- any organism with a major nerve cord is classified as a chordate
Nerves – conduct impulses to muscle cells throughout the body

29. Diagram of a Nerve Cell

30. The Circulatory System
Purpose: to transport nutrients, wastes, hormones and gases through out the organism
The Flow of Blood Through the Circulatory System (Click here)
Major Organs and Their Functions
Heart (muscle)–pumps blood through Arteries (oxygen rich) away from the heart and to the major organs of the body and Veins (oxygen poor) carry blood back to the heart away from the major organs of the body.
Capillaries – small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs
Blood – the cells that flow through the circulatory system
-- red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that carries oxygen
-- white blood cells function in the immune system
-- platelets help in blood clotting
Spleen – helps to filter out toxins in the blood and recycle old RBC’s

31. Image of the Circulatory System

32. Open circulatory system
Closed circulatory system

33. Integumentary System
Purpose- Protects against injury, infection, fluid loss and regulates body temperature
Major Structures
Skin -is our largest organ and aids as protection. Our eyelids have the thinnest skin, the soles of our feet the thickest.
Hair –modified skin that aids in protection and regulate temperature.
Nails -modified skin that aids in protection of tips from injury. Aid in picking up small objects, grasping, scratching and digging. Nails can be an indicator of a person's general health and illness often affects their growth.

35. The Excretory System
Purpose: to rid the body of wastes, including excess water and salts
Major Organs and Their Functions
Kidneys – waste-laden blood enters the kidney and the kidney filters out urea, excess water and other waste products, which eventually travel out of the kidney as urine
-- eventually they travel through the ureter to the urinary bladder for temporary storage and out the urethra

36. Image of the Excretory System
Skin – sweat glands remove excess water and salts from the body
Lungs – expel the waste gas carbon dioxide
Image of the Excretory System