1. Anatomy and Physiology Mrs. McKee
Essentials of Life
Anatomy and Physiology
Mrs. McKee

2. Essentials of Life Presentation Table of Contents
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Levels of Structural Organization
Necessary Life Functions
Survival Needs
Directional Terms and Body Orientation Review
Integumentary System

3. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Gross or macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental
Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

4. Gross Anatomy
Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)
Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system
Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

5. Microscopic Anatomy Cytology – study of the cell
Histology – study of tissues

6. Developmental Anatomy
Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth

7. Physiology Considers the operation of specific organ systems
Renal – kidney function
Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous system
Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and blood vessels
Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level

8. Physiology
Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains electrical currents, blood pressure, and the way muscle uses bone for movement

9. Principle of Complementarity
Function always reflects structure
What a structure can do depends on its specific form

10. Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules
Cellular – cells are made of molecules
Tissue – consists of similar types of cells
Organ – made up of different types of tissues
Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together
Organismal – made up of the organ systems

11. Figure 1.1

12. Organ Systems of the Body
Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering
Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D

13. Organ Systems of the Body
Skeletal System
Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
Protects and supports body organs
Provides the framework for muscles
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals

14. Organ Systems of the Body
Muscular System
Composed of muscles and tendons
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat

15. Organ Systems of the Body
Nervous System
Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
Is the fast-acting control system of the body
Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands

16. Organ Systems of the Body
Cardiovascular System
Composed of the heart and blood vessels
The heart pumps blood
The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body

17. Organ Systems of the Body
Lymphatic System
Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
Houses white blood cells involved with immunity

18. Organ Systems of the Body
Respiratory System
Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

19. Organ Systems of the Body
Digestive System
Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces

20. Organ Systems of the Body
Urinary System
Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood

21. Organ Systems of the Body
Male reproductive system
Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
Main function is the production of offspring
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract

22. Organ Systems of the Body
Female Reproductive System
Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Main function is the production of offspring
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn

23. Organ System Interrelationships
The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment
Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with the external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen

24. Organ System Interrelationships
Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood
Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems
Figure 1.3

25. Necessary Life Functions I
Maintaining boundaries – the internal environment remains distinct from the external
Cellular level – accomplished by plasma membranes
Organismal level – accomplished by the skin
Movement – locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility
Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them
Digestion – breakdown of ingested foodstuff

26. Necessary Life Functions II
Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
Excretion – removal of wastes from the body
Reproduction – cellular and organismal levels
Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells
Organismal – sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person
Growth – increase in size of a body part or of the organism

27. Survival Needs
Nutrients – chemical substances used for energy and cell building
Oxygen – needed for metabolic reactions
Water – provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions
Maintaining normal body temperature – necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates
Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

28. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis

29. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Variable produces a change in the body
Receptor monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli)
Control center determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
Effector provides the means to respond to the stimulus

30. Figure 1.4

31. Negative Feedback
In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus
Example: Regulation of blood glucose levels
Figure 1.5

32. Positive Feedback
In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
Example: Regulation of blood clotting
Figure 1.6

33. Homeostatic Imbalance
Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium caused by disease
Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms allowing destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over

34. Anatomical Position
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from the body
Figure 1.7a

35. Directional Terms
Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively
Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body
Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure

36. Directional Terms
Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body
Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface

37. Directional Terms
Table 1.1

38. Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (continued)

39. Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (continued)

40. The Human Body: An Orientation

41. Regional Terms Axial – head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular – appendages or limbs
Specific regional terminology
Figure 1.7a

42. Figure 1.7b

43. Body Planes
Sagittal and medial – divides the body into right and left parts
Midsagittal – sagittal plane that lies on the midline
Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Oblique section – cuts made diagonally

44. Body Planes
Figure 1.8

45. Body Cavities
Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions
Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain
Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord
Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: thoracic and abdominopelvic

46. Body Cavities
Figure 1.9

47. Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity
Pleural cavities – each houses a lung
Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
Pericardial – encloses the heart

48. Body Cavities
The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm
It is composed of two subdivisions
Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

49. Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Parietal serosa covering the body walls
Visceral serosa covering the internal organs
Serous fluid separates the serosae
Figure 1.10

50. Other Body Cavities
Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs
Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose
Orbital – house the eyes
Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
Synovial – joint cavities

51. Abdominopelvic Regions
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac or inguinal
Right and left lumbar
Right and left hypochondriac
Figure 1.11a

52. Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b

53. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upper
Left upper
Right lower
Left lower
Figure 1.12

54. Levels of Organization

55. Levels of Complexity
Organism
System
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Molecules
Atom

56. Cells Basic Unit of Life All living things are made of cells Functions
Take in food and oxygen
Produce heat and energy
Move and adapt to their environment
Eliminate wastes
Perform special functions
Reproduce

57. Tissues
Cells of the same type join together to perform a certain function
4 Main types
Epithelial
Covers surface of the body
Secretes and protect
Connective
Supports the body and connects parts
Fibrous, soft, hard
Nerve
Controls and coordinates body activities
Muscle
Movement and protection

58. Organs
Tissues joined together to perform a function

59. Organ Systems
Organs and body parts join together to perform a particular function

60. Body Cavities Spaces that contain vital organs 2 Cavities Dorsal
2 Sections
Cranial
Brain
Spinal
Spinal Cord

61. Body Cavities Cont’d Ventral Separated by the diaphragm 2 Cavities
Thoracic
Located in the chest
Contains the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart and large blood vessels
Abdominal
Upper Abdominal  Stomach, small intestines, most of large intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas and spleen
Lower Abdominal (Pelvic Cavity)  urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last part of the large intestine

62. 3 Small Body Cavities Orbital Cavity Nasal Cavity Buccal Cavity Eyes
nose
Buccal Cavity
Mouth
Teeth and Tongue

63. Health Science II Mrs. McKee
Integumentary System
Health Science II
Mrs. McKee

64. The Integumentary System
Integument = covering
Consists of the skin and its derivatives
Sebaceous Glands
Hair
Nails

65. Skin Functions Protection (Three Types of Barriers) Chemical Physical
Skin secretions – decrease multiplication of bacteria
Melanin – pigment that prevents UV damage
Physical
Prevent penetration
Biological
Langerhans’ cells (epidermis) – activate immune system
Macrophages (dermis) –second line of defense;
fight off bacteria and viruses that have penetrated the epidermis

66. Skin Functions Cont’d Temperature Regulation Cutaneous Sensation
Increased temperature
blood vessels dilation  perspiration  evaporation of sweat from skin surface  body cools  prevents overheating
Decreased environmental temperature
Blood vessels constrict  decrease in skin temperature  decrease in heat loss  conservation of body heat
Cutaneous Sensation

67. Skin Functions Cont’d Metabolic Function/Production Absorption
Synthesis of Vitamin D
Activation of some steroid hormones
Absorption
Absorb substances
Blood Reservoir
Shunt to other areas when needed
Excretion
Elimination through perspiration

68. Skin Structure 2 True Layers Epidermis Outermost layer
No blood vessels or nerves
Nutrients by diffusion
5 Layers (Basale/Germinativum, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum)
2 Main Sub-layers
Stratum Corneum (outermost layer) - Dead cells that protect deeper cells from environment
Stratum Germinativum (innermost layer) – new cells replace dead corneum cells

69. Skin Structure Dermis Underlying layer Contains several structures
Blood vessels
Lymph vessels
Nerves
Involuntary muscle
Sudiferous Glands
Sebaceous Glands
Hair Follicles
Ridges that form striations on the skin

70. Hypodermis Subcutaneous Tissue Deep to the skin Protects
Consists of adipose tissue
Insulator
Shock absorber
Attaches skin to underlying structures

71. Skin Color Melanin Erythemia Jaundice Cyanosis Location?
Gives skin its color
Freckles
Erythemia
Redness
Jaundice
yellowish
Cyanosis
bluish

72. Cancer
Malignant - cancerous
Benign - nonmalignant

73. Pressure Ulcer Also known as bed sores/pressure sores
Any lesion caused by unrelievable pressure resulting in damage of underlying tissue
Usually occurs over bony prominences
Pressure Ischemia Hypoxia
Removal of CO Tissue Death

74. Common Sites for Pressure Ulcers
Illustration copyright 2003 Nucleus Communications, Inc. All rights reserved.

75. Risk Factors for Pressure Ulcers
Immobility
Inactivity
Malnutrition
Urinary/fecal incontinence
Metabolic alterations (diabetes, liver disease, renal failure)
Arteriolar pressure
Friction and Shear Forces

76. Stages of Pressure Ulcers
Stage I  nonblanchable erythema of intact skin
Stage II  partial thickness skin loss involving the epidermis, dermis or both
Stage III  full thickness skin loss involving damage or necrosis of subcutaneous tissue that may extend down to, but not through underlying fascia
Stage IV  full thickness skin loss with extensive destruction, tissue necrosis, or damage to muscle, bone or supporting structures

77. Pressure Ulcer Staging

78. References
Marieb, E. N. (2001). Human Anatomy and Physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
Nemours Foundation (2007). Retrieved: February 23, 2007 from
kid/body/images45364/skin325.gif
Simmers, L. (2004) Diversified Health Occupations. 6th ed. United States: Thomson Delmar Learning.