1. PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany
Hole’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Tenth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter 22
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Chapter 22 Reproductive Systems
Male reproductive organs
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3. Male Reproductive Organs
posterior view
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4. Descent of Testes
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5. Structure of the Testis
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6. Formation of Sperm Cells
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7. Spermatogenesis
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8. Crossing Over mixes up traits
different colors represent the fact that one homologous chromosome comes from the individual’s father and one from the mother
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9. Crossing Over
the genetic information in sperm cells and egg cells varies from cell to cell
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10. Structure of a Sperm Cell
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11. Male Internal Accessory Organs
epididymis
vas deferens
seminal vesicle
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
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12. Epididymis tightly coiled tube connected to ducts within testis
promote maturation of sperm cells
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13. Vas Deferens muscular tube about 45 cm
extends from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
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14. Seminal Vesicle attached to vas deferens near base of bladder
secretes alkaline fluid
secretes fructose and prostaglandins
contents empty into ejaculatory duct
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15. Prostate Gland surrounds beginning of urethra
ducts of gland open into urethra
secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid
secretion enhances fluid mobility
composed of tubular glands in connective tissue
also contains smooth muscle
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16. Bulbourethral Gland inferior to the prostate gland
secrete mucus-like fluid
fluid released in response to sexual stimulation
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17. Semen
sperm cells
secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
slightly alkaline
prostaglandins
nutrients
120 sperm cells per milliliter
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18. Male External Reproductive Organs
scrotum
penis
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19. Scrotum pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue
dartos muscle – smooth muscle in subcutaneous tissue; contracts to cause wrinkling of the scrotum
medial septum divides scrotum into two chambers
each chamber lines with a serous membrane
each chamber houses a testis and epididymis
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20. Penis
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21. Penis
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22. Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation
parasympathetic nerve impulses
blood accumulates in erectile tissues
Orgasm
culmination of sexual stimulation
accompanied by emission and ejaculation
Ejaculation
emission is the movement of semen into urethra
ejaculation is the movement of semen out of the urethra
largely dependent on sympathetic nerve impulses
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23. Mechanism of Penile Erection
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24. Mechanism of Emission and Ejaculation
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25. Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions
hypothalamus controls maturation of sperm cells and development of male secondary sex characteristics
negative feedback controls concentration of testosterone
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26. Actions of Testosterone
increased growth of body hair
sometimes decreased growth of scalp hair
enlargement of larynx and thickening of vocal cords
thickening of skin
increased muscular growth
thickening and strengthening of the bones
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27. Organs of the Female Reproductive System
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28. Transverse Section of Female Pelvic Cavity
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29. Ovary Attachments
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30. Oogenesis
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31. Follicles
Mammalian Ovary
Graffian Follicle
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32. Follicles
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33. Follicle Maturation
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34. Ovulation
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35. Female Internal Accessory Organs
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
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36. Uterine Tubes
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37. Lining of Uterine Tubes
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38. Uterus
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39. Uterine Wall
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40. Vagina
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41. Female External Reproductive Organs
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42. Erection, Lubrication, and Orgasm
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43. Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions
estrogens inhibit LH and FSH during most of the reproductive cycle
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44. Effects of Estrogens
development of breasts and ductile system of the mammary glands
increased adipose tissue in breasts, thighs, and buttocks
increases vascularization of skin
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45. Female Reproductive Cycle
anterior pituitary released LH and FSH
FSH stimulates follicle maturation
granulosa cells secrete estrogens
estrogens cause uterine lining to thicken
LH surge released which stimulates ovulation
corpus luteum develops and secretes estrogens and progesterone
estrogens and progesterone cause uterine lining to thicken and become more vascular
estrogens and progesterone inhibit FSH and LH secretion
corpus luteum degenerates and no longer secretes estrogens and progesterone
uterine lining disintegrates and sloughs off
anterior pituitary is no longer inhibited and cycle repeats
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46. Female Reproductive Cycle
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47. Menopause usually occurs in late 40s or early 50s
reproductive cycles stop
ovaries no longer produce as much estrogens and progesterone
some female secondary sex characteristics may disappear
may produce hot flashes and fatigue
hormone therapy may prevent effects on bone tissue
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48. Mammary Glands
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49. Birth Control coitus interruptus rhythm method mechanical barriers
condom
diaphragm
cervical cap
spermicidal foams or jellies
chemical barriers
spermicides
oral contraceptives
hormonal
injectable contraception
contraceptive implants
intrauterine devices
surgical methods
vasectomy
tubal ligation
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50. Surgical Methods of Birth Control
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51. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
silent infections
most are bacterial and can be cured
herpes, warts, and AIDS are viral and cannot be cured
many cause infertility
AIDS causes death
symptoms of STDs include
burning sensation during urination
pain in lower abdomen
fever or swollen glands
discharge from vagina or penis
pain, itch, or inflammation in genital or anal area
sores, blisters, bumps or rashes
itchy runny eyes
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52. Clinical Application Prostate Enlargement
benign prostatic hypertrophy occurs in most men over 50
BPH causes frequent urination
risk factors include a fatty diet, having had a vasectomy, or exposure to certain environmental factors
treatments include surgical removal, drugs, insertion of balloon into urethra, freezing of tumor, or insertion of stent between lobes of prostate to relieve pressure on urethra
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