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Articular cartilage Compact bone Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone Epiphyseal line Periosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity (lined by endosteum) Diaphysis Distal epiphysis
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Endosteum Yellow bone marrow Compact bone Periosteum Perforating(Sharpey’s) fibers Nutrient arteries
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Compact bone Spongy bone Central (Haversian) canal Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal Endosteum lining bony canals and covering trabeculae Osteon (Haversian system) Circumferential lamellae Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Lamellae Periosteal blood vessel Periosteum Nerve Vein Artery Lamellae Central canal Canaliculus Lacuna (with osteocyte) Osteocyte in a lacuna Lacunae Interstitial lamellae
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Childhood to adolescence
Week 9 Month 3 Birth Childhood to adolescence Articular cartilage Secondary ossification center Spongy bone Epiphyseal blood vessel Area of deteriorating cartilage matrix Epiphyseal plate cartilage Hyaline cartilage Medullary cavity Spongy bone formation Bone collar Blood vessel of periosteal bud Primary ossification center 1 Bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage model. 2 Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities. 3 The periosteal bud inavades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form. The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms as ossification continues. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5. 4 5 The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.
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Hematoma External callus Bony callus of spongy bone Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) New blood vessels Healed fracture Spongy bone trabecula 1 A hematoma forms. 2 Fibrocartilaginous callus forms. 3 Bony callus forms. 4 Bone remodeling occurs.
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Cranium Skull Facial bones Clavicle Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Vertebral column Radius Ulna Sacrum Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Anterior view Phalanges
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Bones of cranium (cranial vault)
Coronal suture Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Facial bones Cranial and facial divisions of the skull
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Frontal bone Glabella Parietal bone Frontonasal suture Squamous part of frontal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Nasal bone Superior orbital fissure Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Optic canal Temporal bone Inferior orbital fissure Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Middle nasal concha Zygomatic bone Ethmoid bone Infraorbital foramen Perpendicular plate Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Mandible Vomer Mental foramen Anterior view Mandibular symphysis
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Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal fossa Squamous suture Nasal bone Occipital bone Zygomatic bone Zygomatic process Maxilla Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Alveolar margins Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mandible Mandibular notch Mental foramen Mandibular ramus Mandibular angle Coronoid process External anatomy of the right side of the skull
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Maxilla (palatine process) Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Hard palate Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Foramen ovale Vomer Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Mandibular fossa Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Styloid process Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Pharyngeal tubercle of basilar region of the occipital bone Inferior nuchal line Parietal bone Superior nuchal line External occipital crest External occipital protuberance Foramen magnum Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
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Anterior cranial fossa Optic canal Lesser wing Sphenoid
Cribriform plate Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Crista galli Olfactory foramina Anterior cranial fossa Optic canal Lesser wing Sphenoid Foramen rotundum Greater wing Foramen ovale Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Middle cranial fossa Internal acoustic meatus Temporal bone (petrous part) Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Posterior cranial fossa Foramen magnum View Parietal bone Occipital bone Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed
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Lesser wing Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Greater wing Foramen ovale Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Foramen spinosum Body of sphenoid Superior view
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Body of sphenoid Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Greater wing Pterygoid process Posterior view
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Crista galli Olfactory foramina Cribriform plate Orbital plate Left lateral mass Ethmoidal air cells Perpendicular plate Middle nasal concha
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Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Temporomandibular joint Mandibular notch Coronoid process Mandibular condyle Mandibular foramen Alveolar margin Ramus of mandible Mental foramen Mandibular angle Body of mandible Mandible, right lateral view
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Articulates with frontal bone Frontal process Orbital surface Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process (cut) Anterior nasal spine Alveolar margin Maxilla, right lateral view
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Frontal sinus Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Superior nasal concha Ethmoid bone Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Anterior nasal spine Sphenoid sinus Maxillary bone (palatine process) Sphenoid bone Pterygoid process Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed)
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Crista galli Ethmoid Cribriform bone plate Frontal sinus Sella turcica
Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoid sinus Septal cartilage Palatine bone Vomer Alveolar margin of maxilla Hard palate Palatine process of maxilla Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage
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Frontal sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells (sinus) Ethmoidal air cells Sphenoid sinus Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus Maxillary sinus Anterior aspect Medial aspect
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Hyoid Bone Greater horn Lesser horn Body
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C1 Cervical curvature (concave) 7 vertebrae, C1–C7 Spinous process Transverse processes Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae,T1–T12 Intervertebral discs Intervertebral foramen Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L1–L5 Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae sacrum Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae Anterior view Right lateral view
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Posterior Vertebral arch Lamina Spinous process Transverse process Superior articular process and facet Vertebral foramen Pedicle Body (centrum) Anterior
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Superior articular process Transverse process Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Intervertebral disc Body Inferior costal facet (for head of rib) Spinous process Inferior articular process Thoracic vertebrae
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Superior articular process Transverse process Body Intervertebral disc Inferior articular process Spinous process Lumbar vertebrae
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Sacral promontory Ala Body of first sacral vertebra Transverse ridges (sites of vertebral fusion) Anterior sacral foramina Apex Coccyx Anterior view
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Sacral canal Facet of superior articular process Body Ala Auricular surface Median sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Posterior sacral foramina Sacral hiatus Coccyx Posterior view
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Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view
Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Sternum True ribs (1–7) Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process False ribs (8–12) Intercostal spaces Costal cartilage Costal margin L1 Vertebra Floating ribs (11, 12) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view
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Acromio- clavicular joint Clavicle Scapula Articulated pectoral girdle
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Sternal (medial) end Posterior Anterior Acromial (lateral) end Right clavicle, superior view
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Acromion Suprascapular notch Superior border Coracoid process Superior angle Glenoid cavity Subscapular fossa Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle Right scapula, anterior aspect
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Coracoid process Suprascapular notch Superior angle Acromion Supraspinous fossa Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Spine Infraspinous fossa Medial border Lateral border Right scapula, posterior aspect
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Greater tubercle Head of humerus Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Inter- tubercular sulcus Deltoid tuberosity Lateral supracondylar ridge Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Radial fossa Capitulum Trochlea Anterior view
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Radial notch of the ulna Olecranon process Trochlear notch Head Head of radius Neck Coronoid process Radial tuberosity Neck of radius Proximal radioulnar joint Interosseous membrane Ulna Radius Ulnar notch of the radius Radius Head of ulna Styloid process of ulna Styloid process of radius Distal radioulnar joint Styloid process of radius Anterior view Posterior view
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Olecranon process View Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view Ulnar notch of radius Articulation for lunate Articulation for scaphoid Styloid process Head of ulna Styloid process View Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist
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Humerus Coronoid fossa Capitulum Medial epicondyle Trochlea Head of radius Coronoid process of ulna Radial tuberosity Radius Radial notch Ulna Anterior view at the elbow region Humerus Olecranon fossa Olecranon process Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Head Ulna Neck Radius Posterior view of extended elbow
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Phalanges • Distal • Middle • Proximal Metacarpals • Head • Shaft Sesamoid bones • Base Carpals Carpals Carpals • Trapezium • Hamate • Trapezium • Trapezoid • Capitate • Trapezoid • Scaphoid • Pisiform • Scaphoid • Triquetrum Radius • Lunate Ulna Radius Anterior view of left hand Posterior view of left hand
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Base of sacrum Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint Iliac fossa Anterior superior iliac spine Sacral promontory Coxal bone (os coxae or hip bone) Anterior inferior iliac spine llium Sacrum Pubic bone Pelvic brim Coccyx Acetabulum Pubic tubercle Ischium Pubic crest Pubic symphysis Pubic arch
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Anterior gluteal line Ilium Ala Posterior gluteal line Iliac crest Posterior superior iIiac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Inferior gluteal line Greater sciatic notch Anterior inferior iliac spine Ischial body Acetabulum Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Pubic body Pubis Ischium Inferior ramus of pubis Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen Ischial ramus Lateral view, right hip bone
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Medial view, right hip bone
Ilium Iliac fossa Iliac crest Posterior superior iliac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Auricular surface Body of the ilium Arcuate line Greater sciatic notch Superior ramus of pubis Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis) Ischium Inferior ramus of pubis Ischial ramus Medial view, right hip bone
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Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
Characteristic Female Male Bone thickness Lighter, thinner, and smoother Heavier, thicker, and more prominent markings Pubic arch/angle 80˚– 90˚ 50˚– 60˚ Acetabula Small; farther apart Large; closer together Sacrum Wider, shorter; sacral curvature is accentuated Narrow, longer; sacral promontory more ventral Coccyx More movable; straighter Less movable; curves ventrally
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Neck Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Head Inter- trochanteric crest
Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Gluteal tuberosity Apex Linea aspera Anterior Facet for lateral condyle of femur Facet for medial condyle of femur Lateral condyle Medial and lateral supra- condylar lines Lateral epicondyle Surface for patellar ligament Intercondylar fossa Posterior Medial condyle (a) Patella (kneecap) Adductor tubercle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Anterior view Posterior view Femur (thigh bone)
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Lateral condyle Intercondylar eminence Head Medial condyle Proximal tibiofibular joint Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Anterior border Fibula Tibia Distal tibiofibular joint Articular surface Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus Anterior view
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Posterior view Articular surface Articular surface of
of medial condyle Articular surface of lateral condyle Medial condyle Head of fibula Interosseous membrane Tibia Fibula Articular surface Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus Posterior view
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Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal Metatarsals Medial cuneiform
1 2 3 4 5 Metatarsals Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Tarsals Talus Trochlea of talus Calcaneus Superior view
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Talus Facet for medial malleolus Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Sustentac- ulum tali (talar shelf) First metatarsal Calcaneus Medial cuneiform Medial view Calcaneal tuberosity
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Synchondroses Symphyses Bones united by hyaline cartilage Sternum
(manubrium) Epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint) Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable) Symphyses Bones united by fibrocartilage Body of vertebra Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc Hyaline cartilage Pubic symphysis
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Gliding Movements Gliding Gliding movements at the wrist
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Angular Movements Extension Hyperextension Flexion
Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the neck
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Angular Movements Abduction Circumduction Adduction
Angular movements: abduction, adduction, and circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder
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Rotation Rotation Lateral rotation Medial rotation
Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb
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Acromion of scapula Coracoacromial ligament Synovial cavity of the glenoid cavity containing synovial fluid Subacromial bursa Fibrous articular capsule Hyaline cartilage Tendon sheath Synovial membrane Fibrous capsule Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Humerus Frontal section through right shoulder joint
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Articular capsule Synovial membrane Humerus Synovial cavity Articular cartilage Fat pad Coronoid process Tendon of triceps muscle Tendon of brachialis muscle Ulna Bursa Trochlea Articular cartilage of the trochlear notch Median sagittal section through right elbow (lateral view)
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Coxal (hip) bone Articular cartilage Ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres) Acetabular labrum Femur Synovial cavity Articular capsule Frontal section through the right hip joint
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Tendon of quadriceps femoris Femur Suprapatellar bursa Articular capsule Patella Posterior cruciate ligament Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa Synovial cavity Lateral meniscus Lateral meniscus Infrapatellar fat pad Anterior cruciate ligament Deep infrapatellar bursa Tibia Patellar ligament Sagittal section through the right knee joint
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Quadriceps femoris muscle Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle Patella Medial patellar retinaculum Lateral patellar retinaculum Tibial collateral ligament Fibular collateral ligament Patellar ligament Fibula Tibia Anterior view of right knee
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