1. Medical root word for the next two weeks “Osteo”
The Skeletal System
Medical root word for the next two weeks
“Osteo”

2. Objectives Locate and describe the structures of the skeletal system
Recognize, pronounce, spell and build words related to the system
Describe pathology (disease) related to the system
You will have the opportunity to learn all 206 bones in the body!

3. Bones Provide the framework for the body
What would happen if we didn’t have bones?
Blobs!!
Provide protection to all organs
Store Calcium
Produce blood cells within their cavities

4. Bone Cells 3 main types Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts
Create bone cells
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
Osteoclasts
Destroy bone cells
Osteocyte nucleus

5. Features of Bones Epiphysis Diaphysis Periosteum Articular Cartilage
Proximal/Distal Part of bone
Growth Plates
Diaphysis
Shaft
Medullary Cavity
Yellow Bone Marrow (Fluid)
Endosteum-inner layer of medullary cavity
Periosteum
Hard, outer layer of bone
“peri”=around + “oste” bone
Articular Cartilage
Smooth, white part at either end of bone that touches (articulates) the next bone
Think of chicken bone

6. Features of Bones (cont)
Compact bone
Surrounds medullary cavity
Yellow marrow
Looks hard, solid, like a “typical” bone.
Spongy bone
Cavernous, Swiss-cheese bone
Found in epiphysis
Full of red bone marrow
This is where blood cells are made-hematopoiesis

7. Surface Feature of Bone
Articulating (Touching) Surfaces-2 Types
1. Condyle
Smooth part of bone that touches the next bone
Has articular cartilage covering it
2. Head
Big, rounded articulating part of bone with cartilage on it.
Head of shoulder, femur

8. Types of Fractures Compound (Open) Comminuted Compression Impacted
Exposed to surface
Comminuted
Fractured to pieces
Compression
Vertebrae squooshed
Impacted
Bone other than vertebrae is squooshed
Complete
Bone is completely broken
Buckle (Torus)
Forearm bone is cracked
Displaced
Part of bone moved completely out of position

9. Communited
Open
complete
Displaced
Buckle
Impacted

10. Types of bones Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid
Almost all extremity bones
Short
Carpals (Wrist) and Tarsals (Ankle)
Flat
Skull, ribs, scapula, sternum
Irregular
Pelvis and vertebrae
Sesamoid
Strange bones that develop throughout lifetime
In tendons
Patella (kneecap), circular bones in hand and feet

11. Patella and Flabella
Hand Sesamoid
Foot sesamoid

12. Typical Bone Joint Articular Cartilage
Silvery part where the bones actually touch
Synovial Fluid
Bathes the joints to prevent friction
Ligaments
Rubber-band-like connective tissue that connect bone to bone
Keeps all joints in place

13. Osteoarthritis 1. Cartilage deteriorates 2. Joint Space narrows
3. Synovial Fluid lessens
4. Bone spurs develop
5. Cartilage and bone fragments float in synovial fluid
Pain follows.
Joint replacement is necessary
Arthroplasty.

14. Fractures, Diseases, and Other Bad Things
Pathology
Fractures, Diseases, and Other Bad Things

15. Spinal Curvature Disorders
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature
Think of middle school
Kyphosis
Abnormal anterior curvature
Hunchback

16. Spinal Curvature (Cont)
Lordosis
Swayback
Abnormal posterior curvature

17. Pathology Arthritis Paget Arthritis (Osteo and Rheumatoid)
“Arthro” = Joint
Inflammation of joints
Osteoporosis
Bones become brittle
Seen in geriatric people
Osteomyelitis
Infection of bone, chronic or acute
Paget Disease
Softening and bending of bones
Multiple Myeloma
Cancer of the bone marrow
Sarcoma
Cancer of the actual bone
Paget

18. Other Skeletal Pathologies
Rickets
Deficiency of Vitamin D (typically due to lack of sun or poor diet)
Vitamin D needed for absorption of calcium
Leads to Osteomalacia, or softening of bones which leads to frequent fractures.
Paget’s Disease
Etiology unknown
Bone destruction occurs quickly (osteoclasts), but it is replaced with fibrous cartilage or abnormal bones.
Fractures occur easily.
Systemic problems ensue like heart failure

19. Other Skeletal Pathologies
Bone Cancer
Most bone cancers are malignant but relatively rare vis-à-vis others
Osteosarcoma
Most common primary cancer
Found in epiphysis of long bones in children
Excision of tumor in bone and chemo must be done quickly before metastasis occurs to lungs.
Bone cancer is a common secondary site
Spreads to breast and lung cancers.
Gout (Hyperuricemia)
Accumulation of uric acid in the joints causing acute inflammation.
Most common in men over 40 years of age
Hyperuricemia is ideopathic but eating rich, protein-laden foods or genetics likely play a role.

20. Medical Terminology
“Arthro”=joint
“Costo”=rib

21. Upper Extremity Phalanges to Scapula
Bones of the Body
Upper Extremity
Phalanges to Scapula

22. The Hand Each hand has 27 bones Each finger is a digit
Thumb is 1st digit
Pinky is 5th digit
Each hand is made up of 3 sections of bones
14 phalanges
5 Metacarpals
8 Carpals

23. Phalanges (Fingers) 1) Phalanges (Sing. Phalanx)
We call these the fingers.
There are 14 phalanges per hand
2nd-5th digits have three phalanges. They are the:
The Proximal phalanx
(Closest to body)
The Middle Phalanx
The Distal Phalanx
(Farthest from body)
Fingernails are attached to these bones.
Thumb (1st Digit) only has 2 PHALANGES
Proximal and Distal phalanges.

24. Hand (cont) 2) Metacarpals 3) Carpals Each digit has 1 metacarpal
These are the bones of the palm
3) Carpals
These are the 8 small bones in each wrist
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trepezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Bonus!!!

25. Hand Joints There are 3 main sets of joints in the hand
1) Metacarpal-phalangeal Jt
Known as MCP Jt
It is the joint b/t the metacarpal and proximal phalanx
Otherwise known as the knuckle
There are 5 MCPs jts

26. Hand Joints 2) Proximal Interphalangeal Jts Known as PIP Joints
It is the joint b/t proximal and middle phalanges
There are 4 PIPs in the hand

27. Hand Joints 3. Distal Interphalangeal Joints Known as DIP Joint
It is the loint between middle and distal phalanges of 2nd-5th fingers (digits)
There are 4 DIPs jts in the hand

28. Thumb Thumb is unique Why? Look at pic Thumb only has 2 phalanges
Since it only has two phalanges, the joint between the two bones is the “Interphalangeal Joint,” or IP Joint
This is the only IP joint in the hand

31. The Forearm (Antebrachial Region)
There are 2 bones in forearm
They stretch from the elbow to the wrist.
1) The Ulna
The MEDIAL bone
It is the main bone of the elbow joint, but plays little role in the wrist joint
Prominent Features
Styloid Process of Ulna- Ball on side of wrist
Olecranon Process- The posterior, proximal part of ulna that forms the elbow joint

32. Forearm 2) Radius The LATERAL bone Responsible for turning of arm
Pronate “Prone” turns palm toward the ground
Supinate “Supine” turns palm toward the air (which is anatomical position)
The radius plays minor role in elbow joint, but is the main supporting bone of wrist
Prominent Features
The radial head- Smooth round, circular part of proximal radius that allows your arm to turn

34. Elbow Joint (The Antecubital and Olecranal Regions)
The Joint is comprised mainly of Humerus and Ulna
The Olecranon Process (hook) of the Ulna “hooks into” the Olecranon Fossa (opening) of the Humerus
It is a Hinge Joint
Radial head most common elbow fx (fracture)

36. The Humerus (Brachial Region)
The bone of the arm.
Prominent Features
The Humeral head
Ball ‘N Socket joint of the shoulder
The Olecranon Fossa
It is the cavity in which the olecranon process of the ulna fits into to create the elbow joint.
The Surgical Neck
Skinny part distal to head
Most common fracture site

37. Shoulder Joint Comprised of two bones Humerus Scapula
The official name of the shoulder joint is the The Gleno-Humeral Joint
The humeral head articulates with the Glenoid Fossa of the Scapula
Most common dislocation joint

38. Scapula Scapula (Shoulder Blade)
DOES NOT ARTICULATE with the ribs; completely free floating bone
Prominent Features
The Scapular Spine
Large “mountain range” on the posterior aspect
The Acromium Process-
Arises from the scapular spine and rises superiorly to articulate with the clavicle
Body- the main part of scapula
The Borders
Medial border is the side closest to spine
Lateral border is the one closest to shoulder
Superior border is on the “top” side near clavicle

39. Scapula

40. Clavicle The Collar Bone
Articulates with scapula at acromial-clavicular joint (AC) Joint and with the sternum (breastbone) at sterno-clavicular (SC) joint
IT IS THE ONLY UPPER EXTREMITY BONE TO ARTICULATE WITH THE BODY (THORAX)
Because of this fact and because it is thin, it is very easy to break

42. Lower Extremity
Phalanges to Pelvis

43. The Foot Digits numbered 1-5 like feet; Great Toe is #1
The foot is identical to hand aside from the fact there are 7 tarsal bones, not 8.

44. The Foot The foot has 14 phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal)
The foot has 5 metatarsals, not metacarpals

45. The Foot The Tarsals There are 7 bones
They are the equivalent to the carpal bones in the hand
Talus and Calcaneus are the most important
Talus is the distal (inferior) bone of the ankle joint
Calcaneus is the heel bone
Cuboid, Navicular, and the Medial, Middle, and Lateral Cuneiform round out the tarsals
Bonus!

46. Foot Joints
The foot has the same joints as the hand, only with slight change.
Metatarsal-phalangeal joint (MTP)
All 5 bones
PIP and DIP joints
2nd-5th digits
Great Toe has IP Joint like thumb

47. Ankle Joint Made up of: Medial and Lateral Malleoli
Tibia and Fibula (proximal)
Talus (distal)
Medial and Lateral Malleoli
These are the balls on your ankles

48. Bimalleolar fracture
Fracture of both the lateral and medial malleoli

50. Ankle Sprain & Fractures
Sprain vs Fracture
Sprain is a stretching or tearing of ligaments over a joint
Fracture is a break in the bone
Most common sprain and fracture will be on the lateral side of ankle
On the Fibular side
It is a weaker bone

51. The Lower Leg (Fibular, Crural and Sural Regions)
Tibia (Shin Bone)
The medial bone
The main weight-bearing bone of lower leg
Fibula (Calf Bone)
The lateral bone
Weaker, not as bad to break

53. Knee Joint
Formally comprised of 4 bones (Femur, Tibia, Fibula, and Patella)
The most complex joint in the body

54. Knee Joint Knee Ligaments Knee Meniscus
Anterior Crucial Ligament (ACL) and Posterior Cruicial Ligament (PCL) are inside the joint
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) and Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) on exterior to support the joint
Knee Meniscus
Cushy pads b/t tibia and femur
These injuries are best seen in MRI

55. Femur (Thigh Bone) Strongest, longest bone in the body
Prominent Features
Femoral Head
Articulates c Pelvis
Femoral Neck
Just distal to the head
Common fx site
Greater Trochanter
Large process just lateral to the head

57. Hip Joint
The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the Pelvis
Acetabulum is to the pelvis what the glenoid cavity is for the shoulder

58. Need to know for Quiz
Locate the phalanges, metacarpals, carpals, radius, ulna, humerus, scapula, clavicle, foot phalanges, metatarsals, tarsals, tibia, fibula, and femur
Prominent features to know: Styloid Process, Olecranon Process, Radial Head, Scapular Spine, Acromial Process, Malleoli, Greater Trochanter
Know what bones make up the wrist, elbow, shoulder, ankle, knee, and hip joints
Name of hand and foot joints (MCP vs MTP; PIPs, DIPs)
Bonus: each of the 8 carpals and 7 tarsals; 15 bonus points!!!