1. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Personality Disorders

2. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Learning Objectives 1.Identify the differences between personality disorders and acute disorders. 2.Identify the three clusters of personality disorders, the disorders in each cluster, and the ways in which the disorders in each cluster are related. 3.Discuss the criticisms of the DSM’s approach to classifying personality disorders. 4.Discuss the controversies that surround the personality disorders, including claims that they are gender-biased and race/ethnicity biased.

3. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Learning Objectives, continued 5.Identify the similarities and differences between schizophrenia and the odd-eccentric personality disorders. 6.Describe the key symptoms and characteristics of each personality disorder, the theories that attempt to explain it, and the approaches used to treat it. 7.Discuss why some of the personality disorders (such as antisocial personality disorder) are especially difficult to treat.

4. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Learning Objectives, continued 8.Identify the differences among avoidant personality disorder, social phobia, and schizoid personality disorder. 9.Identify the similarities and differences between obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive- compulsive personality disorder. 10.Describe alternative conceptualizations of the personality disorders.

5. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Personality Disorders Long-standing patterns of thought, behavior, and emotions that are maladaptive for the individual or for people around him or her.

6. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 DSM-IV-TR Personality Disorders Cluster A: Odd-Eccentric Personality Disorders Symptoms similar to those for schizophrenia, including inappropriate or flat affect, odd thought and speech patterns, paranoia. People with these disorders maintain their grasp on reality, however. Cluster B: Dramatic Emotional Personality Disorders Manipulative, volatile, and uncaring in social relationships. Impulsive, sometimes violent behavior that show little regard for their own safety or the safety or needs of others Cluster C: Anxious-Fearful Personality Disorders Extremely concerned about being criticized or abandoned by others and thus have dysfunctional relationships with them.

7. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Problems with the DSM-IV-TR Categories Symptoms described are often only extreme versions of otherwise “normal” traits. Overlap in the diagnostic criteria and the majority of people who are diagnosed with one disorder tend to meet the diagnostic criteria for at least one other personality disorder. Diagnosing a personality disorder often requires information that is hard for a clinician to obtain. Conceptualized as stable characteristics, yet they vary, so individuals go in and out of the diagnosis

8. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Gender and Ethnic/Racial Biases in Construction and Application Differences in frequencies with which men and women and individuals of minority groups are diagnosed with different personality disorders. Lack of recognition that the expressions of symptoms of a disorder may vary between women and men. Lack of recognition that the expressions of symptoms of a disorder may vary between groups.

9. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Cluster A: The Odd-Eccentric Personality Disorders Paranoid personality disorder Chronic and pervasive mistrust and suspicion of other people that is unwarranted and maladaptive. Schizoid personality disorder Chronic lack of interest in and avoidance of interpersonal relationships, emotional coldness toward others. Schizotypal personality disorder Chronic pattern of inhibited or inappropriate emotion and social behavior, aberrant cognitions, disorganized speech. Relationship to Schizophrenia WeakStrong

10. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Cluster B: Dramatic Emotional Personality Disorders Antisocial personality disorder Pervasive pattern of criminal, impulsive, callous, or ruthless behavior; disregard for rights of others; no respect for social norms. One of the most common of the personality disorders and one of the most difficult to treat. Borderline personality disorder Rapidly shifting and unstable mood, self- concept, and interpersonal relationships; impulsive. Histrionic personality disorder Rapidly shifting moods, unstable relationships, and intense need for attention and approval; dramatic, seductive behavior. Narcissistic personality disorder Grandiose thoughts and feelings of one’s own worth; obliviousness to others’ needs.

11. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Borderline Personality Disorder

12. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Contributors to Antisocial Personality Disorder Genetic predisposition Testosterone Serotonin Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Executive functions Arousability Social cognitive factors

13. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Cluster C: The Anxious-Fearful Personality Disorders Avoidant personality disorder Pervasive anxiety, a sense of inadequacy, and a fear of being criticized, which leads to the avoidance of social interactions and nervousness. Dependent personality disorder: Pervasive selflessness, need to be cared for, fear of rejection, leading to total dependence on and submission to others.. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Pervasive rigidity in one’s activities and interpersonal relationships, including emotional construction, extreme perfectionism, and anxiety about even minor disruptions in one’s routine.

14. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Neuroticism Extraversion Openness to experience Agreeableness Conscientiousness Five Factor Model: Based on the Big 5 Personality Factors

15. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Neuroticism Individuals high on neuroticism are chronically anxious, hostile, depressed, self-conscious, impulsive, and have poor coping skills; people low on neuroticism lack these problems.

16. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Extraversion Individuals high on extraversion are sociable, active, talkative, interpersonally oriented, optimistic, fun-loving and affectionate; people low on extraversion (referred to as introverts) are reserved, sober, aloof, independent, and quiet.

17. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Openness to Experience Individuals high on this factor actively seek and appreciate experiences for their own sake, are curious, imaginative, and willing to entertain new and unconventional ideas; people low on this factor are conventional in their beliefs and attitudes, conservative in tastes, dogmatic, rigid in their beliefs, set in their ways, and emotionally unresponsive.

18. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Agreeableness Individuals high on this factor are softhearted, good-natured, trusting, helpful, forgiving, and altruistic; people low on this factor are cynical, rude, suspicious, uncooperative, irritable, and can be manipulative, vengeful, and ruthless.

19. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 Conscientiousness Individuals high on this factor are organized, reliable, hard-working, self- directed, punctual, scrupulous, ambitious, and persevering; people low on this factor are aimless, unreliable, lazy, careless, lax, negligent, and hedonistic.