1. 1 Texture Chapter 6

2. 2 What is Texture? Texture is a D3D interface that can map a partial of a picture to a 3D space by using Texture coordinates. The following code loads a picture file data to a Texture object Texture texture; private bool InitTexture() { try { texture =T extureLoader.FromFile(device,"number.bmp"); return true; } c atch(Exception){ MessageBox.Show("Cannot find the file"); } return false; } which supports types bmp, dds, dib, jpg, png, and tga. Type gif is not supported.

3. 3 Texture Coordinates Tu & Tv Any image loaded to a Texture object will automatically get texture coordinates (Tu, Tv) from (0.0, 0.0) to (1.0, 1.0) as the picture shows. Tu Tv (0.0, 0.0)(1.0, 0.0) (0.0, 1.0) (1.0, 1.0)

4. 4 CustomVertex.PositionTextured We need to use CustomVertex.PositionTextured, to set cube vertices, which has Texture coordinates Tu & Tv. private void SetVertex() { Vertices = new CustomVertex.PositionTextured[24]; CustomVertex.PositionTextured[] cube = new CustomVertex.PositionTextured[8]; cube[0].Position = new Vector3(-4.0f, 4.0f, -4.0f); cube[1].Position = new Vector3(4.0f,4.0f,-4.0f); cube[2].Position = new Vector3(-4.0f, 4.0f,4.0f); cube[3].Position = new Vector3(4.0f,4.0f, 4.0f);

5. 5 cube[4].Position = new Vector3(-4.0f, -4.0f, -4.0f); cube[5].Position = new Vector3(4.0f, -4.0f,-4.0f); cube[6].Position = new Vector3(-4.0f, -4.0f,4.0f); cube[7].Position = new Vector3( 4.0f, -4.0f, 4.0f); // top face, copy position, then set Tu &Tv Vertices[0] = cube[0];Vertices[1] = cube[2]; Vertices[2] = cube[1];Vertices[3] = cube[3]; Vertices[0].Tu = 0.0f; Vertices[0].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[1].Tu = 1.0f; Vertices[1].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[2].Tu= 0.0f; Vertices[2].Tv =1.0f; Vertices[3].Tu = 1.0f; Vertices[3].Tv = 1.0f // bottom face, notice the texture order Vertices[4] = cube[4];Vertices[5] = cube[5]; Vertices[6] = cube[6];Vertices[7] = cube[7]; Vertices[4].Tu =0.0f; Vertices[4].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[5].Tu= 1.0f; Vertices[5].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[6].Tu = 0.0f; Vertices[6].Tv = 1.0f; Vertices[7].Tu = 1.0f; Vertices[7].Tv = 1.0f;

6. 6 // front face Vertices[8] = cube[0];Vertices[9] = cube[1]; Vertices[10] = cube[4];Vertices[11] = cube[5]; Vertices[8].Tu = 0.0f; Vertices[8].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[9].Tu = 1.0f; Vertices[9].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[10].Tu= 0.0f; Vertices[10].Tv =1.0f; Vertices[11].Tu = 1.0f; Vertices[11].Tv = 1.0f; // right face Vertices[12] = cube[1];Vertices[13] = cube[3]; Vertices[14] = cube[5];Vertices[15] = cube[7]; Vertices[12].Tu = 0.0f; Vertices[12].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[13].Tu = 1.0f; Vertices[13].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[14].Tu= 0.0f; Vertices[14].Tv =1.0f; Vertices[15].Tu = 1.0f; Vertices[15].Tv = 1.0f;

7. 7 // back face Vertices[16] = cube[3];Vertices[17] = cube[2]; Vertices[18] = cube[7];Vertices[19] = cube[6]; Vertices[16].Tu = 0.0f; Vertices[16].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[17].Tu = 1.0f; Vertices[17].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[18].Tu= 0.0f; Vertices[18].Tv =1.0f; Vertices[19].Tu = 1.0f; Vertices[19].Tv = 1.0f; // left face Vertices[20] = cube[2];Vertices[21] = cube[0]; Vertices[22] = cube[6];Vertices[23] = cube[4]; Vertices[20].Tu = 0.0f; Vertices[20].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[21].Tu = 1.0f; Vertices[21].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[22].Tu= 0.0f; Vertices[22].Tv =1.0f; Vertices[23].Tu = 1.0f; Vertices[23].Tv = 1.0f; }

8. 8 Set Texture before drawing void Render() { m_device.BeginScene(); m_device.VertexFormat=CustomVertex.PositionTextured.Format m_device.SetStreamSource( 0, VB, 0); SetRotation(); m_device.SetTexture(0,texture); // set texture m_device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 0,2); m_device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 4,2); m_device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 8,2); m_device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 12,2); m_device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 16,2); m_device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 20,2); m_device.EndScene(); m_device.Present(); }

9. 9 Out put

10. 10 Set different face images Method 1: One picture, set 6 different textures coordinates. Tu Tv 0.250.50.751.0 0.5 1.0 0.0

11. 11............ // top face Vertices[0].Tu = 0.0f; Vertices[0].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[1].Tu = 0.25f; Vertices[1].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[2].Tu= 0.0f; Vertices[2].Tv =0.5f; Vertices[3].Tu = 0.25f; Vertices[3].Tv = 0.5f // bottom face Vertices[4].Tu =0.25f; Vertices[4].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[5].Tu= 0.5f; Vertices[5].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[6].Tu = 0.25f; Vertices[6].Tv = 0.5f; Vertices[7].Tu = 0.5f; Vertices[7].Tv = 0.5f; // front face Vertices[8].Tu = 0.5f; Vertices[8].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[9].Tu = 0.75f; Vertices[9].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[10].Tu= 0.5f; Vertices[10].Tv =0.5f; Vertices[11].Tu = 0.75f; Vertices[11].Tv = 0.5f;

12. 12 // right face Vertices[12].Tu = 0.75f; Vertices[12].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[13].Tu = 1.0f; Vertices[13].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[14].Tu= 0.75f; Vertices[14].Tv = 0.5f; Vertices[15].Tu = 1.0f; Vertices[15].Tv = 0.5f; // back face Vertices[16].Tu = 0.25f; Vertices[16].Tv = 0.5f; Vertices[17].Tu = 0.5f; Vertices[17].Tv = 0.5f; Vertices[18].Tu= 0.25f; Vertices[18].Tv = 1.0f; Vertices[19].Tu = 0.5f; Vertices[19].Tv = 1.0f; // left face Vertices[20].Tu = 0.5f; Vertices[20].Tv = 0.5f; Vertices[21].Tu = 0.75f; Vertices[21].Tv = 0.5f; Vertices[22].Tu= 0.5f; Vertices[22].Tv =1.0f; Vertices[23].Tu = 0.75f; Vertices[23].Tv = 1.0f;

13. 13 Out put

14. 14 Method 2: make six different textures from six pictures. All texture coordinates are the same as before. number1.bmpnumber2.bmpnumber3.bmp number4.bmpnumber5.bmpnumber6.bmp

15. 15 Load 6 Textures Texture[] textures; private bool InitTexture() { textures = new Texture[6]; for(int k=0; k<6; k++) { textures[k] =TextureLoader.FromFile(m_device, "number"+(k+1)+".bmp"); if(textures[k]==null) return false; } return true; }

16. 16 Set 6 Textures before Drawing void Render() {......... m_device.SetTexture(0,textures[0]); // set texture 1 m_device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 0,2); m_device.SetTexture(0,textures[1]); // set texture 2 m_device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 4,2); m_device.SetTexture(0,textures[2]); // set texture 3 m_device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 8,2); m_device.SetTexture(0,textures[3]); // set texture 4 m_device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 12,2); m_device.SetTexture(0,textures[4]); // set texture 5 m_device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 16,2); m_device.SetTexture(0,textures[5]); // set texture 6 m_device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 20,2);....... }

17. 17 Out put is the same

18. 18 Two sides of one card We have picture We want to draw it in the two sides of a card Tu Tv 0.51.0 Card.bmp

19. 19 private void SetVertex() { Vertices = new CustomVertex.PositionTextured[8]; Vertices[0].Position = new Vector3(-0.7f, -1.0f, 1.0f ); Vertices[1].Position = new Vector3( 0.7f, -1.0f, 1.0f ); Vertices[2].Position = new Vector3(-0.7f, -1.0f, -1.0f ); Vertices[3].Position = new Vector3( 0.7f, -1.0f, -1.0f ); // two faces have different directions Vertices[4].Position = new Vector3( 0.7f, -1.0f, 1.0f ); Vertices[5].Position = new Vector3(-0.7f, -1.0f, 1.0f ); Vertices[6].Position = new Vector3( 0.7f, -1.0f, -1.0f ); Vertices[7].Position = new Vector3(-0.7f, -1.0f, -1.0f );

20. 20 Vertices[0].Tu = 0.0f; Vertices[0].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[1].Tu = 0.5f; Vertices[1].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[2].Tu= 0.0f; Vertices[2].Tv = 1.0f; Vertices[3].Tu = 0.5f; Vertices[3].Tv = 1.0f; Vertices[4].Tu = 0.5f; Vertices[4].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[5].Tu = 1.0f; Vertices[5].Tv = 0.0f; Vertices[6].Tu = 0.5f; Vertices[6].Tv = 1.0f; Vertices[7].Tu = 1.0f; Vertices[7].Tv = 1.0f; }

21. 21 void Render() {.... m_device.RenderState.CullMode = Cull.CounterClockwise; // control direction m_device.SetTexture(0,texture); m_device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 0,2); m_device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 4,2)......... }

22. 22 Out put

23. 23 If the area is not Rectangle How to map a square picture to the inside of a trapezoid ? X Y (1, 0) (  1, 0) (0.5, 1.7) (  0.5, 1.7) Tv Tu

24. 24 If pick 2 triangles and set their texture coordinates (u, v) as (0,0), (0,1), (1,0) and (1,1)

25. 25 If we make 2 triangles by code device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 0, 2); 0 1 2 3

26. 26 We only get This is because that the Microsoft 3D texture mapping only can be done though triangles. Within one triangle the mapping is linear. However any two consecutive triangles’ mapping may not be adjoin linearly very well

27. 27 (1, 1)(0, 1) (1, 0) (0, 0) To overcome this problem, we have to partition the trapezoid in to many triangles as the following: In this time, texture mapping of two consecutive triangles is still not adjoin linearly. However, the disjoin error can be reduced so small that our eye cannot see them. More triangles can result better out put.

28. 28 If we partition trapezoid to 20 triangles by code device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 0, 20);

29. 29 Then we can get pretty good output

30. 30 If the area is a triangle How to map a square picture to the inside of a triangle X Y (1, 0) (  1, 0) (0, 1.7) Tv Tu

31. 31 (1, 1) (0, 1) Similarly we partition it into many triangles However, the texture coordinate of the vertex is different for different triangle ?

32. 32 If we partition trapezoid to 10 triangles by code device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 10);

33. 33 Then we can get output It is obviously that this mapping loses some image data. However, the lost image information concentrate on top vertex.

34. 34 If the area is a circle X Y (0, 0) Tv Tu How to map a square picture to the inside of a circle such that the bottom side is mapped to the circle perimeter and the top side is mapped to the center?

35. 35 This time, we partition circle into many triangles by radius However, the texture coordinate of the center is different for different triangle

36. 36 private void SetVertex() { v_axis = new CustomVertex.PositionTextured[180]; float d = 1.0f/60.0f; float a = (float)Math.PI*2.0f/60.0f; for(int k=0; k<60; k++) { v_axis[3*k].Position = new Vector3 ( (float)Math.Cos(k*a),(float)Math.Sin(k*a),0.0f); v_axis[3*k].Tu = 0.0f+k*d; v_axis[3*k].Tv = 1.0f; v_axis[3*k+1].Position = new Vector3( (float)Math.Cos(k*a+a),(float)Math.Sin(k*a+a),0.0f); v_axis[3*k+1].Tu = d +k*d; v_axis[3*k+1].Tv = 0.0f; v_axis[3*k+2].Position = new Vector3 (0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); v_axis[3*k+2].Tu = d/2.0f +k*d; v_axis[3*k+2].Tv = 0.0f} } }

37. 37 Then we can get output

38. 38 How to paste a map to a sphere? Tv Tu

39. 39 22    m intervals n intervals Use grid map picture to set Texture coordinate

40. 40 Set Texture Coordinates private void SetVertex() { v_sphere = new CustomVertex.PositionColored [(m+1)*(n+1)]; float alpha = 2.0f*(float)Math.PI /(float)m; float theta = (float)Math.PI /(float)n; for(int i=0; i<m+1; i++) for(int k=0; k<n+1; k++) { v_sphere[k*(m+1)+i].Y =r*(float) Math.Cos(k*theta ); v_sphere[k*(m+1)+i].X = r*(float)Math.Sin(k*theta)*(float) Math.Cos(i*alpha); v_sphere[k*(m+1)+i].Z = r*(float)Math.Sin(k*theta)*(float) Math.Sin(i*alpha); v_sphere[k*(m+1)+i].Tu= i/ (float)m; v_sphere[k*(m+1)+i].Tu= k/ (float)n; }

41. 41 Output

42. 42 Embedding picture to Resource 1. Right click on the selected project in Solution Explorer and select Add  Add Existing Item.

43. 43 2. Search sphere.bmp in your computer hard disk, click Open

44. 44 3. Right click on the added resource file in solution explorer and click properties.

45. 45 4. In the Properties tab of selected file, go to 'Build Action' and change it from 'Content' to 'Embedded Resource'.

46. 46 Data name in the Resource Each file data in the resource has a name, which is project name dot file name. For example sphere.bmp will get name MyProjectName.sphere.bmp If we put file sphere.bmp in subfolder named images then it will get name: MyProjectName.images.sphere.bmp The data formation of each file in the resource is stream. All resource data will be a part of an Assembly (similar to DLL) in the compiled executable file. Therefore we need to get this Assembly, search data name and get data back in stream formation

47. 47 Get stream data from the Resource using System.Reflection; public Stream GetFromResource(string name) { Assembly asm = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly(); Stream stream=null; foreach(string srcName in asm.GetManifestResourceNames()) { if( srcName.IndexOf("name")>0); { stream =asm.GetManifestResourceStream(srcName); break; } return stream; }

48. 48 Load image data from Resource Texture texture; private bool InitTexture() { try { Stream stream = Get FromResource("sphera.bmp"); texture =T extureLoader.FromStream(device, stream); return true; } c atch(Exception){ MessageBox.Show("Cannot find the file"); } return false; }.Then we will not need image file during the executing time.