2. Check Sound Check Mike Circulate Attendance

3. Today’s Lecture: General Washington: A Study in Virtue and The Establishment of American Nationhood

4. Lecture Organization: George Washington: An Introduction Washington the person Class Announcements French/Indian War Brief review American Revolution Pre-game show First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter

5. 1/18/2007(C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.4 The aims of the lecture To show students some of the interesting features of Washington’s life To give student some context about how central Washington was to the American revolution To set up the second part of the story that will be given next time.

6. Class Announcements Online Lectures -- Technical difficulties are fixed. Will begin going up Friday. I will email you Class Participation -- Please don’t forget to hand in your comments at the end of the day. Slides -- links to slides have been mailed. You can print slides easily (explain)

7. Class Announcements tests -- I’m going to help you a little with these -- People don’t know what to expect -- Hand out some sample questions

8. Class Announcements Student Repository -- This class is for number 3. Questions? note about entries -- Please note this distinction: Your original notes in class are sort of like shorthand copy what you see. Your summary of the lecture that you post online and that is worth 15% of your journal grade is supposed to be like a paragraph accounting of what happened in class. (like a paper or a report. Paragraphs. This is what happened.)

9. Review most important things -- “dog on the chain.” -- presidency given structural strength (Ferrari) but not many independent substantive powers. each power is chained to Congress in important ways. -- weak executives in the states and how they were structured. -- big picture: you should be able to answer an essay about how the presidency as an institution came to be. What it descended from, what it became, and why.

10. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.9 George Washington: An Introduction Question: Why Do It? -- Washington is more interesting than you think -- For some reason, he is either neglected by academics or given the “poster treatment” (perhaps in secondary ed). combat ignorance

11. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.10 George Washington: An Introduction Question: Why Do It? -- Washington was the epitome of a virtuous individual, to the extent that virtue can meaningfully exist in reality (explain) -- Political science is often too Machiavellian. It’s refreshing to get a break from perpetual political selfishness “character” in political leadership

12. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.11 George Washington: An Introduction Question: Why Do It? -- Washington was central to both the American nation and the presidency -- without Washington, the country could have easily slipped into monarchy (and almost did), and/or the new institutions might not have survived (balkanization). political importance

13. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.12 George Washington: An Introduction What is the focus? -- not going to just teach a bunch of history for its own sake. -- the goal is to learn something important about Washington that will help us tell the story of Part I of the course -- the same is true for the other presidents we examine (Jefferson, Jackson, etc.) -- consider this portion of the course like a novel. It’s going to tell the story (drama) of the development of the presidency -- in essence, I’m going to “cherry-pick” from history what I need to tell the story not historical catalogue

14. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.13 George Washington: An Introduction What is the focus? -- look at the interesting aspects of Washington’s life -- what he did for American nationhood -- what he did for the American presidency thematic portrayal

15. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.14 Washington (the person) Education -- did not go to college -- went into military service -- important for understanding what he was like not a bookish intellectual like others (e.g., Jefferson) not a scientist like Franklin not a businessman or merchant doesn’t mean he is not smart develops remarkable judgment (good listener) (explain what college is back then)

16. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.15 Washington (the person) Virginia Planter -- Virginia plantation owner gentrified family (lots of acres) inherited slave labor -- Married Martha Dandridge Custis -- “married up”

17. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.16 French/Indian War intro -- let’s look at some interesting things Washington does in the French/Indian war. (will do this quickly)

18. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.17 French/Indian War “Ohio country” -- Washington and the people of his day referred to the westward lands out to the Mississippi as the “Ohio country”

19. 3/12/2007(C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.18 Ohio Country French -- Canada Mississippi and Louisiana “Ohio Country”

20. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.19 French/Indian War “early journeys” -- Washington is 21 years of age. -- orders from Royal Governor of Virginia. -- deliver a letter to French commanders in Erie PA -- letter basically told the French to “get out” [formality] -- peril on the journey – he almost dies (Indians) -- successful and kindly received Emissary (1753)

21. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.20 French/Indian War “early journeys” -- Virginia had started construction on a fort at the fork of the Monongahela and Allegheny -- Washington sent with a small company to make sure it was safe. -- during the trip, Washington learned that the fort had been captured and renamed -- Washington elects to camp out and wait for reinforcements. Clears ground and builds Secure Fort Pitt (1754) (where Steelers play football) Fort Duquesne Fort Necessity

22. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.21 French/Indian War “early journeys” -- finds a reconnaissance patrol of 32 French troops -- Washington’s patrol had 40 troops plus Natives -- the shooting war starts (killed 10, took 21 prisoner). Secure Fort Pitt (1754) meets French troops

23. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.22 French/Indian War “early journeys” -- French Commander’s excuse -- Native who could speak French -- “You are not dead yet my friend” -- axe into skull -- wash hands in the blood [ritual] -- scalped the wounded -- all of this under Washington’s command Secure Fort Pitt (1754) meets French troops something noteworthy happens

24. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.23 French/Indian War “early journeys” -- stay at the Fort Necessity -- revenge: brother of the slain leader attacks with 1100. outnumbered in the rain (gunpowder wet) only have a 60 yard perimeter eventually surrender -- Articles of Capitulation Secure Fort Pitt (1754) terrible command decision (didn’t foresee consequences) Washington’s stock is low

25. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.24 French/Indian War Braddock Campaign -- 1755: Edward Braddock: 2,000 troops -- 2 regiments (1 regiment =1,000) -- Washington joins this mission as only a captain -- but is made an “aide to camp” (people writing letters, lobbying, on his behalf)

26. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.25 French/Indian War Braddock Campaign raised taxes in the colonies – people hated him didn’t understand topography or “jungle fighting”” huge political mistakes (“bush fighting”) -- European fighting tactics descended from Romans -- Structured. (cf Roman maneuvers to football plays) (warfare conventions)

27. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.26 French/Indian War Braddock Campaign raised taxes in the colonies – people hated him didn’t understand topography or “jungle fighting” huge political mistakes shunned native north Americans -- “we don’t need savages” (natives were on both sides of the conflict – explain)

28. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.27 French/Indian War Braddock Campaign -- 2500 horses, 2000 soldiers -- Six miles long -- food for the troops -- horses to pull the canons and so forth -- women in the rear to “farewell the men” -- Four days to go 12 miles (when cutting bridges and so forth) cumbersome natives can see and hear it coming miles away

29. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.28 French/Indian War Braddock Campaign -- light strike force recommended by Washington Reconnaissance force of 900 men encounters a French force -- the British fight the only way they know how line up in a semicircle front row on the knees back row on top general acting like Peyton Manning the encounter

30. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.29 French/Indian War Braddock Campaign -- French/Indian forces “cheat” [innovation] -- hide behind trees -- they shoot beneath covers of brush -- all while Braddock’s troops remain in an open field, in a structured position the encounter massacre -- 900 dead for the British; 23 for the French

31. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.30 French/Indian War Braddock Campaign -- he is shot several times, but the bullets don’t hit him -- his coat and hat has several musket ball holes -- two horses shot out beneath him -- he rallies his troops, saves many lives Washington is Outstanding

32. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.31 French/Indian War Braddock Campaign -- ran into the woods to fight -- a new innovation in warfare: “bush fighting” -- the British did not know how to do it. (colonists are just learning) The Virginia fighters were smart Daniel Boone – also survived. Was in the rear with the baggage?

33. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.32 French/Indian War Braddock Campaign lessons Washington learned The Rules of Engagement Were Flawed For the rest of his life, Washington remembered the screams of the wounded and the scalping of the dead. This whole episode left an impression on him. First, he was amazed that a force structure so huge could be defeated so quickly and swiftly. This was a common impression of people hearing the news. Later on, however, as he reflected upon it, he began to realize that it was the size and bulk of the force – as well as the military tactics – which was its ultimate Achilles heel. Troops would need to fight differently if they were to win. The rules of engagement had changed [Source: Joseph Ellis – paraphrased]

34. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.33 French/Indian War Braddock Campaign lessons Washington learned Managerial Relationships Must Change -- Washington realized that the superior-subordinate relationship between commander and troop had to change. If you fought in close formation, the troops could be yelled at and strictly overseen by a commander above them. But if you fought in the woods, the commander could not dictate as specifically the details of the fight. The fighting and training therefore would have to be engineered differently. [Source: Joseph Ellis -- paraphrased]

35. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.34 “Virginia Blues” -- given control over a special Virginia fighting force -- gives them blue coats instead of British red -- basic idea: a different look, but just as good as the British rigorous disciplinarian -- drunk = 1,000 lashes -- AWOL = hanged (hence, “Virginia Blues”) French/Indian War

36. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.35 “Virginia Blues” -- They were specifically trained in the new rules of combat (learned “bush-fighting” tactics) -- Washington’s directions: clear forts beyond musket range the “football play” new rules of warfare French/Indian War

37. 3/12/2007(C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.36 Fort Cleared Beyond Musket Range A B C

38. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.37 -- lack of discipline -- too short of a commission -- would only assemble when they had to -- often drunk -- “whooping, hallowing fighters” -- examples: fort construction and tobacco running away when the French came disliked militia “Virginia Blues” French/Indian War

39. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.38 Forbes Campaign -- 1758: General John Forbes -- forces are twice the size of Braddock Washington’s role French/Indian War -- made “aide to camp” -- specifically consult him -- adopt his fighting tactics -- use the Virginia Blues -- use Cherokee scouts

40. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.39 Forbes Campaign -- cut a path that closely tracks one of the interstates they win French/Indian War -- new fighting tactics are helpful -- Fort Duquesne /Pitt is burned by its occupants as they run away in retreat

41. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.40 The American Revolution:The pre-game show The continental “army” -- Modest acceptance [Caesar] … Ellis quote Washington selected to lead

42. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.41 The continental “army” -- Modest acceptance [Caesar] … Ellis quote Washington selected to lead The American Revolution:The pre-game show “Once the members of congress realized that they were facing a military rather than political conflict, Washington was a foregone choice. More delegates could agree that Washington should lead the army than that there should be an army at all. He was also the tallest man in the room … he looked the part... “he was physically majestic.” Washington was the only delegate who attended in military uniform and was asked to chair four committees on military readiness. When he approached Philadelphia in his custom-built chariot in early may, a throng of 500 riders escorted him into the city, a tribute accorded no other delegate. [note: the mythology is already building]. Source: Joseph Ellis -- paraphrased

43. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.42 The continental “army” -- Modest acceptance [Caesar] … Ellis quote -- the small pox decision Washington selected to lead The American Revolution:The pre-game show

44. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.43 The continental “army” The American Revolution:The pre-game show what was the army? -- Initially, one year enlistments from state militias (“revolving door army”) -- let’s look at the fighting strategy

45. 3/12/2007(C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.44 Hypothetical American States State AState B State Militia Standing Army The Enemy Attacks The Army and the Militia respond

46. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.45 against all odds The American Revolution:The pre-game show -- British war machine was quite resourceful -- battle-tested, trained soldiers -- 33,000 troops – “wood of pine trees” (“Army of Mordor”) -- 10,000 already here -- no arms industry -- no money -- let’s take a look at the French perspective of “the troops”

47. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.46 against all odds The American Revolution:The pre-game show -- British war machine was quite resourceful -- battle-tested, trained soldiers -- 33,000 troops – “wood of pine trees” (“Army of Mordor”) -- 10,000 already here -- no arms industry -- no money -- let’s take a look at the French perspective of “the troops” The French could not bring themselves to look upon militia as soldiers. They considered militia as someone who could only distract the enemy while they did the fighting, and that was not agreeable to them. The French couldn’t understand why the army only assembled when the danger was imminent and then began to flee when it was too great. America’s fighting force looked like the countries tailors on fluffy horses, “a flock of ducks in cross belts.” Source: Stacy Schiff– paraphrased.

48. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.47 British arrogance The American Revolution:The pre-game show -- 1,000 regulars could defeat 100,000 American troops -- Some cautioned: a “British Vietnam? “ (mention Ellis’ comparison) Question: What are some of the British advantages in this war?

49. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.48 British arrogance The American Revolution:The pre-game show -- 1,000 regulars could defeat 100,000 American troops -- Some cautioned: a “British Vietnam? “ advantages: -- naval supremacy (explain) -- better trained forces

50. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.49 British arrogance The American Revolution:The pre-game show -- 1,000 regulars could defeat 100,000 American troops -- Some cautioned: a “British Vietnam? “ disadvantages -- logistical nightmare (long supply lines, etc.) Question: What are some of the British disadvantages in this war? Question: If you were Washington, how would you defend the colonies? What fighting strategy would you use?

51. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.50 America’s fighting options The American Revolution:The pre-game show 1. Direct Confrontation? 2. War of Forts 3. “Terrorism” – asymmetrical warfare or “guerilla warfare -- would seem suicidal -- European convention. -- (e.g., French/Indian war) -- cf: Stratego (explain how it works) -- Fabius Maximus “the Fabian strategy” Question: Is there anything wrong with the “Fabias strategy” if you are an Englishman in colonial culture?

52. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.51 The American Revolution:The first quarter Manhattan Mistake -- Washington decided to use “direct confrontation” -- almost lost the war (should have been lost) -- Ellis quote …

53. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.52 The American Revolution:The first quarter Manhattan Mistake -- Washington decided to use “direct confrontation” -- almost lost the war (should have been lost) -- Ellis quote … The Manhattan Mistake – He moved his 15,000 troops to positions on long island and Manhattan. This was a mistake. He had placed the army in great peril and created the conditions for defeat. Long island was lost in a day, along with 300 casualties and 1,000 prisoners. By dividing his force between long island and Manhattan, Washington had given Howe the chance to destroy the continental army in pieces. Washington called a counsel of war in which the generals voted 10-3 in favor of retreat. But Washington rejected the advise. His officers wanted a war of posts. But he remained committed to the offense. He waited for the chance to pounce. His decision to linger on Manhattan was militarily suicidal. [Source: Joseph Ellis -- paraphrased]

54. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.53 Manhattan Mistake -- butts kicked, they retreats into New Jersey: Washington is the last man to cross the river (nods to Hamilton) The American Revolution:The first quarter

55. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.54 The American Revolution:The first quarter Manhattan Mistake -- taking Fort Washington -- Ellis quote … Britain’s mistakes (seemed logical to them)

56. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.55 The American Revolution:The first quarter Manhattan Mistake -- taking Fort Washington -- Ellis quote … Britain’s mistakes The Manhattan Mistake – Ultimately, he was spared from massive defeat because Howe decided, inexplicably, not to pursue the continental army. He dallied, and then focused his efforts on capturing fort Washington, near the present day George Washington Bridge. It fell on November 16, 1776, all of its 3,000 defenders killed or captured. With Howe preoccupied at fort Washington, the remnants of Washington’s army was able to escape across the Hudson and assume full flight across New Jersey. There was not much of an army left. [Source: Joseph Ellis]

57. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.56 The American Revolution:The first quarter Manhattan Mistake -- taking Fort Washington -- European fighting convention: no fighting in the winter. (mention Lord Howe and his mistress) Britain’s mistakes (seemed logical to them)

58. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.57 What does Washington do next? -- his generals meet -- vote overwhelmingly to retreat and change strategy -- 6,000 - 8,000 broken-down troops The American Revolution:The first quarter Question: What does Washington do?

59. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.58 What does Washington do next? The American Revolution:The first quarter attack! -- Princeton and Trenton (shot in the arm) -- Attack Trenton, Christmas Night -- Delaware-River painting (flat boat) -- Personally led the troops at Trenton

60. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.59 What does Washington do next? The American Revolution:The first quarter attack! -- Princeton and Trenton (shot in the arm) -- Attack Trenton, Christmas Night -- Delaware-River painting (flat boat) -- Personally led the troops at Trenton Surprise Attack – This is regarded as Washington's most famous tactical move. He did personally lead the troops in the assault at Trenton. Washington’s 2200 troops outgunned the enemy, with help from the 18 artillery pieces that Henry Knox had somehow managed to transport across the river. They enemy suffered 100 casualties, and 900 were captured. American casualties were rare, although James Monroe, a future president, was wounded. His decision to attack was particularly bold: He was supposed to rendezvous with three other colonial divisions, but they did not show. Hence, he only had his men and not the others. He felt that it was too important to try to get a victory. He won this all-or-nothing wager. [Source: Joseph Ellis]

61. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.60 What does Washington do next? The American Revolution:The first quarter attack! -- Princeton and Trenton (shot in the arm) -- Attack Trenton, Christmas Night -- Delaware-River painting (flat boat) -- Personally led the troops at Trenton Diary Entry – “Sighting: January 3, 1777: The Pennsylvania Militia has just broken in the face of heavy musket fire and grapeshot. Suddenly, Washington appears before them and rallies them to form a line behind him. A detachment of new England continentals joins the line, which first holds, and then begins to move forward, with Washington front and center astride his white English charger. The British troops are placed behind a fence at the crest of a hill. Within 50 yards, bullets began to whistle and men in the front of the American line begin to drop. At 30 yards, Washington orders a halt, and both sides exchange volleys simultaneously. An aide, colonel Edward Fitzgerald, covers his face with his hat, certain that his commander, so conspicuously a target, was cut down. But while men on both sides of him have fallen, Washington remains atop his horse untouched. He turns toward Fitzgerald, takes his hand, and says ‘away my dear Cornel, and bring up the troops – the day is ours!’ And it was!” [Source: Joseph Ellis] Now he adopts the “The Fabias Strategy” His virtue and honor are now satisfied

62. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.61 The Second Quarter 1. The Fabias Strategy begins 2. Brits decide to attack Philadelphia -- strategic center? -- defeat at Brandywine, Germantown -- colonial government in exile (Maryland) 4. Howe’s navigational mistake -- He is supposed to rendezvous with Burgoyne 5. Saratoga 6. The French and loans 7. The peace proposal (dual sovereignty) 8. Popular support “Popular support for the war continued to sputter. As one French partisan of the cause noted, “There is a hundred times more support for the revolution in any Paris cafe than in all the colonies together.” Time

63. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.62 The American Revolution: The Third Quarter 1. Valley Forge -- the key to the war -- survival of the army is paramount 2. Suffering was immense 3. They managed to survive 3. Viewpoints about slavery change 4. Hard drilling and the Monmouth courthouse -- a victory! 5. The southern strategy 6. Mutinies -- “March on Philadelphia” -- Another in New Jersey “Popular support for the war continued to sputter. As one French partisan of the cause noted, “There is a hundred times more support for the revolution in any Paris cafe than in all the colonies together.” Why? Valley Forge – Enlistments The days of popular enthusiasm for the war were gone forever, as were the enlistments of yeomen farmers and the kind of men who had participated in the Boston siege. Now, the army was composed of indentured servants, former slaves, landless sons and recent immigrants from Ireland and England. Young men between 15-25 years of age. These were the people at valley forge. Their formed a bond between the general and his soldiers. The troops would sing songs like “war and Washington” over and over again to the dismay of visitors. Washington not only admired their suffering, but saw that it was their staying power that ensured the eventual American victory. [Source: Joseph Ellis] Real Suffering – The shoeless soldiers tracking blood on the snow. No blankets. Most of the horses died from decay or exposure, and their decaying carcasses filled the air with the stench of the blood in the snow to create sensory images that Washington never forgot. This changed Washington’s conception of virtue. It was no longer an abstract concept. [Source: Joseph Ellis] They Survive – What did not happen at valley forge was more important than what did. The most important thing that did not happen was the dissolution of the continental army. It is not clear how many men died of disease and exposure at valley forge, but new recruits and new re-enlistments bolstered the size of the army to 12,000 in March of 1778, with a core of about 5,000 battle-tested veterans. [Source: Joseph Ellis] French Troops 7. The failure of republican governance -- A. Stealing Cattle B. The currency is a joke C. Desire for American Nationhood that grew passionately out of the flaws in the way American institutions made war “The Failure of the Republican Experiment” – He noted that the best men in America preferred to slumber in the state houses while the common interest of America fell into ruin. “Why was the congress failing to prosecute profiteers and forestallers, hoarders who jacked up the prices of supplies needed by the army, who were pests of society and should be hung on gallows.” How could a responsible group of legislators allow the currency to become a standing joke? The inflation to spiral to such heights? (Expression: Not worth a continental). The failure of political leadership at the national level which had caused corruption, inflation, broken promises.... “infinitely more to be dreaded than the force of great Britain.” Parliament and the British ministry could impose taxes and raise an army because they possessed the sovereign power to speak for the British nation. [Source: Joseph Ellis] “The Basic Dilemma” – During the early months of the war, the continental congress had assumed powers which rendered possible the creation of the continental army and Washington’s appointment to head it. But by behaving as a national legislature, the congress made itself vulnerable to the same criticism that the colonies had directed toward parliament itself. The central impulse of the American revolution had been a deep aversion to legislation, especially taxes, emanating from any consolidated government in a far away place beyond the direct control and supervision of the citizens affected. From the perspective of Virginia and Massachusetts, the delegates gathering in Philadelphia could not tax them any more than could the House of Commons in London. And since voting in the continental congress had always been by state – one state, one vote – it could not claim to fairly represent the American population as a whole. The articles of confederation, officially adopted in 1781, accurately embodied the same 1 vote principle. It never attempted to create a unified american nation, but rather a confederation of sovereign states. [Source: Joseph Ellis] Time

64. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.63 The Fourth Quarter 1. The French Navy -- Washington wants a New York encounter 2. The Southern campaign -- initially successful – Charleston and Camden -- Nathanial Green 3. Washington finally moves south 4. Cornwallis trapped at Yorktown 5. The Brits give up 6. Why we won (or rather, why the Brits quit) The American Revolution:

65. 3/12/2007(C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.64 French Navy Turned Around Benedict Arnold Washington heads south British Stronghold YorktownFrench Go North

66. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.65 1. Why the British Surrendered -- Fabias strategy worked 2. Washington continues to train his troops through 1783 The American Revolution: The Fourth Quarter Time

67. 3/12/2007 (C) Copyright Sean Wilson. 2007.66 The Newburgh Conspiracy 1. Officers had been stiffed by the government 2. Want to install Washington as king 3. Entirely plausible -- the only form of government that had worked historically -- Washington had the stature -- Cherry-tree stories -- Had a Caesar like colonial quality -- Every other revolution in history ended that way: Castro, Cromwell, Lenin, Napoleon, Mao -- even Caesar had disbanded the republic 3. Orders his officers to a meeting 4. The Speech 5. Ellis Translation 6. Washington always deferred to civilian authority -- peace proposals -- troops being disciplined 7. George III quote 8. Question: how many other generals do you know that retire to the farm after the winning the war? Washington’s Speech – Ellis: he was telling people that he had control over his ambitions, and that his place in history would be enhanced not by enlarging his power, but by surrendering it. He was sufficiently self confident and secure with who he was to need anything further. He understood the core principle of republicanism: that all legitimate power arose from the consent of the governed. [Source: Joseph Ellis] Washington’s Speech – “... but as I was among the first who embarked in the cause of our common country, as I have never left your side one moment but when called from you on public duty, as i have been the constant companion and witness of your distress and not among the last to feel and acknowledge your merits, as I have ever considered my own military reputation inseparably connected with that of the army, as my heart has ever expanded with joy when I have heard its praises, and my indignation has arisen when the mouth of detraction has been opened against it, it can scarcely be supposed at this late stage of the war that I am indifferent to its interests. And let me conjure you in the name of our common country, as you value your own sacred honor, as you respect the rights of humanity, and as you regard the military and national character of America, to express your utmost horror and detestation of the man who wishes under any specious pretenses to overturn the liberties of our country, and who wickedly attempts to open the flood gates of civil discord and deluge our rising empire in blood.” [Source: Joseph Ellis] Time