1. Objective: To examine the rise of European fascism. Do Now: What similarities existed regarding the rise of power of Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini? Adolf HitlerBenito Mussolini

2. Adolf Hitler Fascism in Europe German Formed a totalitarian government Invaded Ethiopia in 1935. Italian Anger over the Versailles treaty Blamed the Jews for Germany’s problems. Resented Treaty of Versailles Believed Germans were a superior “Aryan” race. Used economic unrest and fears of communism to gain support. Used nationalism to gain support.

3. - FDR announced the Good Neighbor Policy in an attempt to improve U.S. relations with Latin America. Depression Diplomacy - Isolationists passed a series of Neutrality Acts in the 1930’s. warned U.S. citizens not to travel on ships of countries at war. - These laws…. banned arms sales or loans to countries at war.

4. Isolationists Many Americans thought involvement in WWI was a mistake Neutrality Acts passed- –1935- authorized president to prohibit all arms shipments and to forbid travel on ships of warring nations –1936- forbade extension of loans and credits –1937- forbade the shipment of arms to opposing sides in Spanish Civil War America First Committee- formed to generate negative opinion of war

5. Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy in 1922. Fascists in Italy Benito Mussolini, 1936 - He controlled the press and banned criticism of the government. - All political parties, except the Fascist party, were outlawed. Mussolini’s policies: Mussolini and Fascism (4:14)

6. * Promising Italians greatness, Mussolini invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935. * The League of Nations failed to help Ethiopia.

7. · In 1933, Hitler became chancellor, or head of the German government. Nazi Germany · Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party preached racial and religious hatred. · Hitler claimed that Germans were a part of a superior “Aryan” race, and that Jews were to blame for Germany’s troubles. Rise of the Nazis (4:15)

8. "If I can send the flower of the German nation into the hell of war without the smallest pity for the spilling of precious German blood, then surely I have the right to remove millions of an inferior race that breeds like vermin." - Adolf Hitler swastika, Nazi party symbol

9. - He created a totalitarian state, in which the Nazi’s controlled every aspect of German society. - Hitler built up his armed forces, in violation of the Versailles Treaty. - Jews had their German citizenship taken away, they were forbidden from using public facilities, and they were removed from most types of work. - Citizens must always obey the government, and the government could not be criticized. Hitler’s policies:

10. Japan Invaded Manchuria in 1931 Established a puppet government League of Nations did nothing except condemn actions Japan left League of Nations

11. Prelude to War Appeasement –Did nothing to stop Italian invasion of Ethiopia –German troops marched into Rhineland –Japan sunk US gunboat in China –Hitler wanted to take the Sudetenland Munich Conference Hitler was allowed to take these lands but no more

12. War 1939- Hitler sends troops to Czechoslovakia Stalin and Hitler sign nonaggression pact and agreed to divide Poland between them Sept. 1939- Germany invaded Poland –Britain and France declare war against Germany –Germans used blitzkrieg method (lightning war) Took Denmark, Norway, and France

13. US Response “Cash and carry”- countries could buy US arms if it used its own ships and pay cash Selective Service Act- all American men between 21 and 35 registered and trained 1.2 million troops in 1 year Destroyers for bases- Britain received 50 destroyer ships and US got to build bases on British Caribbean islands

14. Arsenal of Democracy Lend-Lease Act- Britain could get all arms it needed on credit Atlantic Charter- meeting between FDR and Churchill; outlined end of war objectives including self-determination and free trade Shoot on sight- protected British ships from submarine attack and had US Navy escort lend-lease materials –US ship destroyed and Navy attacked German ships

15. US Relations with Japan 1940- Japan allies with Germany and Italy FDR halted exports of steel and iron FDR froze all Japanese credits in the US and cut off access to oil Japan refused to pull troops from China Japanese ambassador tried to negotiate with US

16. Pearl Harbor December 7,1941 Japanese planes flew over Pearl Harbor and bombed ships –2,400 Americans killed –1,200 wounded –20 ships destroyed –150 airplanes destroyed Congress declared war against Japan on December 8

17. Four A’s Based on FDR’s speech find some : –ASSUMPTIONS the author makes –Statements you AGREE with –Statements you would ARGUE –Statements you ASPIRE to Discuss these in your groups.

18. Pearl Harbor Address 1. What is FDR implying when he says “it contained no hint or threat of war?” 2. Why does FDR believe the attack had been planned for a while? 3. What evidence shows that Japan planned the attacks? 4. What type of rhetoric does FDR use to boost American morale? 5. What rhetoric does FDR use to rally support against Japan?

19. THE HOME FRONT

20. Mobilization Agencies War Production Board- established to manage war industries Office of War Mobilization- set production priorities and controlled raw materials –Paid contractors plus a profit Industrial output of Allies doubled that of Axis –Unemployment almost disappeared

21. Mobilization Agencies Office of Price Administration- regulated economy by freezing prices, wages, and rents –Rationed meat, sugar, gasoline, and tires Unions and corporations agreed not to strike –Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act of 1943 allowed government to take over businesses threatened by strike

22. Raising Money US government raised money for war by: –Increasing income tax Practice of deducting taxes from paychecks began –Selling war bonds

23. IMPACT ON SOCIETY

24. African Americans 1.5 million left the South for work Many served armed forces Race riots continued NAACP membership increased Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) formed to advance civil rights Smith v. Allwright- ruled denying African Americans membership in political party unconstitutional

25. Mexican Americans Many worked in defense industries Over 300,000 served in military Mexican farmworkers, braceros, entered US during harvest season to work without going through formal immigration process Zoot Suit Riots- summer 1943- whites and Mexican Americans battled for jobs in California

26. Native Americans 25,000 served in military Many worked in defense industries Many that left the reservation never returned

27. Japanese Americans 20,000 served in military Many were suspected of being spies US government ordered 100,000 Japanese Americans to leave homes and move to internment camps Korematsu v. US- upheld internment camp policy because they believed it was justified during wartime

28. Women 20,000 served in noncombatant roles 5 million entered workforce, many in industrial jobs “Rosie the Riveter” encouraged women to take defense jobs

29. Propaganda Used to –Maintain public morale –Encourage people to save and sacrifice resources –Increase war production Did this through posters, songs, news bulletins, movies, radio, popular music Office of War Information- contolled news about troop movements and battles

30. BATTLES

31. Two Fronts Pacific European Japan reached its height of power in 1942 On European front, Germany first focused on Soviet Union then on France and Britain

32. Fighting Germany US and Britain used radar, sonar, and bombing of German naval bases to stop German submarine attacks Began bombing raids on German cities –Focused on cities with war industries

33. Fighting Germany Germany had occupied areas in Northern Africa and the Mediterranean Allies began Operation Torch, a mission to take these lands, led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower –Succeeded in May 1943

34. Fighting Germany Germans had occupied island of Sicily Mussolini fell from power but was rescued by Hitler’s forces Germans had most control over Italy

35. D-Day Allied effort to liberate France from German rule June 6, 1944 Allies landed on the beaches of Normandy and moved into France Allies had taken France from Germans by September and advanced onto German border Battle of the Bulge- German counterattack in Belgium to stop Allied advancement –Eventually failed

36. German Surrender German ability to fight hindered by Allied bombing Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945 Unconditional surrender of Nazis on May 7 Americans went through Germany and liberated many concentration camps –Many were shocked at the extent of the Holocaust VE Day- May 8, 1945

37. Fighting Japan Mainly fought between US and Japan In 1942, Japan controlled Korea, Eastern China, the Philippines, Burma, Malaya, French Indochina, Indonesia, and Pacific Islands Mainly naval warfare

38. Fighting Japan Battle of the Coral Sea- US aircraft carriers stopped Japanese invasion of Australia Battle of Midway- US intercepted Japanese messages and destroyed 4 Japanese carriers and 300 planes

39. Island Hopping US strategy to seize islands in the Pacific to gain closer access to Japan Adopted by Admiral Chester Nimitz Pacific commander was General Douglas MacArthur

40. Major Battles Battle of Leyte Gulf- Japanese navy was destroyed Battle of Okinawa- Japanese used kamikaze pilots to make suicide attacks on US ships Success of US in Pacific was largely due to Navajo code talkers

41. Atomic Bombs Invasion force was created to attack Japan –Heavy casualties were feared Manhattan Project- began in 1942 directed by Robert Oppenheimer to construct atomic bomb –Power of atomic bomb comes from splitting an atom –Successfully tested in New Mexico –Use of bomb authorized by Harry Truman –Truman gave Japan a warning –Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed 3 days apart Japan surrendered

42. END OF THE WAR

43. Wartime Conferences Casablanca- Roosevelt and Churchill agree to invade Sicily and to demand unconditional surrender from Axis powers. Teheran- Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed British and Americans would liberate France and Soviets would invade Germany

44. Wartime Conferences Yalta- Big Three met and agreed to –Divide Germany into occupation zones –Free elections in liberated countries of Eastern Europe –Soviets would enter war against Japan –Soviets would control some islands in Pacific and areas in Manchuria –United Nations would be formed

45. Wartime Conferences Postdam- Stalin, Truman, and Clement Attlee met and agreed to –Issue a warning to Japan to surrender unconditionally –Hold war-crime trials of Nazi leaders Nuremburg Trials in Germany Tokyo War Crimes Trials in Japan –Divide Germany into 4 zones of occupation: Soviet, American, British, French

46. Costs 300,000 Americans died 800,000 Americans wounded $320 billion cost National debt increased five fold

47. United Nations Congress accepted membership into the peace keeping organization Delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco and drafted a charter UN developed when a majority of nations accepted charter Over the years, the UN aided the end of colonialism, establishment of Israel, mediation of conflicts, and aid to world

48. Effects United States became the most powerful nation in the world Largest economy Europe divided through Berlin; communists in the east, democracy in the west General Douglas MacArthur headed occupation of Japan