1. Chapter 7: States of Consciousness

2. Warm UP
Check Grade
Find new seats
Get out Homework

3. Come up with a team answer for the following questions: Come up with 3 ways you can improve your 2nd quarter grade.

4. Define consciousness in your own words.
Describe 3 situations in which consciousness would be impaired
Describe a situation in which consciousness would be heightened.

5. Warm Up
1. What are tolerance, dependence, and addiction and what are some common misconceptions about addiction?
2.What are some depressants and what are their side effects?
3. What are some stimulants and what are their side effects?
4. What are hallucinogens and what are their effects?
5. What are some differences between physical and psychological withdrawal?

6. Sleep Quiz

7. True or False. Most American adults get the recommended 8 hours of sleep per night

8. True or False. Males snore more than females

9. True or False. The most common cause of insomnia is poor nutrition

10. True or False. It is dangerous to wake a sleep walker.

11. True or False. A person can die from sleep deprivation

12. True or False. The elderly sleep more than younger people

13. True or False. Drinking a glass of milk can help a person sleep

14. True or False. During sleep, your brain rests.

15. True or False. Boredom makes you feel sleepy, even if you have had enough sleep

16. True or False. Everyone dreams every night

17. True or False. Dolphins, porpoises and whales sleep with one side of their brain at a time

18. True or False. Horses, which spend 92% of each day standing and can sleep standing, must lie down for REM sleep

19. True or False. People rarely snore during dreams
True or False. People rarely snore during dreams. When REM starts, snoring stops

20. True or False. If you dream you are falling and hit the ground, you die.

21. True or False. Rapid eye movement stirs the liquid behind the cornea
True or False. Rapid eye movement stirs the liquid behind the cornea. This delivers fresh oxygen to the cornea cells, so that they don’t die

22. True or False. Spicy foods cause you to dream more.

23. Warm Up Pick up all 3 papers on the front table Do sleep quiz
Check grade and write down hw

24. Pick up Sleep Quiz and 2nd qt schedule on the overhead
Warm Up
Pick up Sleep Quiz and 2nd qt schedule on the overhead
Create a chapter 7 unit page

25. What is Consciousness?
Consciousness has been defined by psychologists as our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
The awareness varies depending on our attention to the task at hand. Ex: driving.

26. Sleep Deprivation Quiz

27. Consciousness and Information Processing
Consciousness describes what we are aware of but many things are processed outside of our “consciousness.”
Difficult or novel tasks require more conscious attention than well learned tasks.
Consciousness has a limited capacity

28. Daydreams and Fantasies
Almost everyone daydreams at one point or another.
Young adults tend to fantasize more than older adults, and admit to more sexual fantasies.
Although 95% of all people have sexual fantasies, men tend to fantasize more than women.
Fantasy-prone personality: someone who imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness and who spends considerable time fantasizing.

29. Why Might Daydreaming Be Helpful and Adaptive for Humans?
A way to escape
Prepare for future events
Aware of unfinished business
Increase creativity
Substitute for impulsive behavior

30. Biological Rhythms
Biological Rhythms: periodic physiological fluctuations built into human beings.
Ex: 28 day menstrual cycle, 24 hour alertness cycle, annual cycle, 90 minute sleep cycles.
Circadian Rhythm: biological clock that regulates body rhythms on a 24 hour cycle….larks vs. owls.

31. Is P.M.S. A Myth?!?
“Premenstrual Syndrome:” feelings of increasing tension and stress that occur before onset of menstruation.
Human tendency to remember instances that confirm our beliefs.
Placebos work the same
Sadness, lethargic,irritability, headaches, insomnia

33. Sleep
Sleep: refers to the periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness.
Using an EEG, sleep researchers have shown the mind is “awake” during various stages of sleep.

34. Sleep Stages: Stage 1
As we lay with our eyes closed we are in an awake but highly relaxed state characterized by alpha waves (slow waves) being emitted from our brain.
As we fall asleep, we have a 50% decrease in alpha wave activity…sometimes referred to as “drowsy sleep.”
During Stage 1 sleep, we often experience hallucinations: false sensory experiences. We may feel a sensation of falling or floating.

35. Second Stage: Sleep Spindles
After about 5 minutes in stage 1 sleep, you sleep into Stage 2 sleep which is characterized by Sleep Spindles: bursts of rapid, rhythmic, brain wave activity.
Stage where you are clearly asleep, sleep talking can occur in this stage or any other later stage.
20 minutes

36. Stage Three: Transition Stage
Stage Three begins your descent into “slow wave sleep.”
Delta Waves: (large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep) begin appearing in stage 3 but are increasingly apparent in Stage 4.

37. Stage Four: Delta Waves
Stage of deep sleep characterized by Delta Waves.
Stage when you are hard to awaken…but still aware of stimuli around you.
Stage at which children may wet the bed or sleep walk.
Also experience night terrors.

38. Night Terrors
Occur during late stage 4 sleep and are characterized by high arousal and an appearance of terror but are seldom remembered.

39. R.E.M. Sleep (Paradoxical Sleep)
After stage 4, your bodies cycles back to stage 3, stage 2, and into REM sleep.
A Normal Sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes.

40. R.E.M. Sleep (Paradoxical Sleep)
R.E.M.: rapid eye movement sleep, stage where vivid dreams occur. Known as Paradoxical because muscles are relaxed yet body is highly active.
Heart rate increases, Breathing more rapid, eyes dart behind lids.
Genitals become aroused during R.E.M. sleep even when dreams are not sexual in nature.
As sleep cycle continues, R.E.M. sleep gets longer and longer.

41. Brain Waves and Stages of Sleep

42. So Why Do We Sleep? Most ppl will sleep for 9 hours if they could
Sleep debt
Decrease in work productivity
Increase in auto accidents
Suppressed immune system
Alter metabolic and hormonal functioning
Decrease in performance and creativity

43. Theories: 1. Sleep protects 2. Helps us recuperate
Sleep Function
Theories:
1. Sleep protects
2. Helps us recuperate
3. Might help us grow

44. Sleep Deprivation

45. Sleep Disorders Insomnia: inability to fall asleep or stay asleep.
10-15 % of adults
Sleeping pills and alcohol might make it worse
Less REM sleep

46. Sleep Disorders
Narcolepsy: a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks often at inopportune times.
Usually 5 minutes
1 in 2000 ppl
R.E.M. sleep occurs at wrong time. Very little N.R.E.M. sleep goes directly to R.E.M.
Cause- lack of neurotransmitter hypocretin

47. Sleep Disorders
Sleep Apnea: sleep disorder characterized by a temporary stoppage of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary awakenings.
Often complained about as “snoring.”
Often interrupts deep sleep stages leaving person feeling exhausted.

48. Exercise regularly,but not in the late evening
Tips for Sleeping
Relax before bed
Avoid caffeine
A glass of milk
Regular cycle
Exercise regularly,but not in the late evening

49. Mary and Julie have been attending dance practice every morning from 6am to 8:30 am and are trying to learn a new routine to compete successfully in a dance competition. Give an example of how each of the following could affect their practice and their upcoming performance. Definitions without application do not score. 
1. Insomnia
2. Narcolepsy
3. Sleep Deprivation
4. Fantasy Prone Personality
5. Biological Rhythms

50. Warm Up – Get out HW and then answer the following question
Warm Up – Get out HW and then answer the following question. Write question and answer
What is circadian rhythm?
Why do we need sleep?
List 2 things that happen in each of the following sleep stages:
Stage1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
REM Sleep
4. What is the difference between Alpha and Delta waves?
5. What happens during REM sleep?
6. Why is REM sleep considered paradoxical sleep?
7. What is the difference between sleep apnea, insomnia and narcolepsy?
8. What is the difference between drug withdraw and drug tolerance?
9. List 2 Depressants. What do depressant do to the body
10. List 2 stimulants. What do stimulants do to the body
11. List 2 hallucinogens. What do hallucinogens do to the body
12. What do opiates do to your endorphin levels?

51. Warm Up- Brain Pop
Pick up warm up off of overhead
Get out hw

52. Dreams

53. What’s the Meaning Of Dreams? Depends Who You Ask!
Psychoanalytic Theorists like Freud will argue that dreams represent the royal road to the “unconscious.” Dreams represent unresolved wishes/desires and discharge feelings that would be unacceptable if consciously voiced.
Sigmund Freud- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
wish fulfillment
discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
Manifest Content: represents remembered story line of a dream.
Latent Content: represents underlying meaning of dreams dealing with wishes and drives.

54. What’s The Meaning of Dreams? Depends Who You Ask?
As Information Processing
helps consolidate the day’s memories
Stimulates neural development

55. What’s The Meaning of Dreams? Depends Who You Ask?
Physiological Function of Dreams: periodic brain activity associated with R.E.M. sleep gives the brain needed activity to make neural connections. Also helps facilitate memory.
Activation-Synthesis Theory: dreams are result of brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity. Visual cortex among other areas like the Limbic System are active during R.E.M. sleep. Mind always tries to make sense of stimuli.

56. What’s The Meaning Of Dreams? Depends Who You Ask!
Dreams As Part of Cognitive Development: all mammals experience R.E.M. sleep and many researchers believe it helps facilitate cognitive development.
R.E.M. Rebound: tendency for R.E.M. sleep to increase following deprivation. May illustrate a biological need for it.

57. Lucid Dreams
Lucid Dreams: are dreams in which you become aware that you are dreaming and you can control aspects of your environment in the dream.

58. What do we dream about? Sex- 1 in 30 for women;1 in 10 for men
Women dream about men and women; 65% of men's dreams are about men
Most dreams are about events in our daily lives
Previous day’s experiences
Forget things that happen 5 minute before we fall asleep
Do not remember taped info

59. Have you ever dreamed of…..?
Falling 83%
Being attacked 77%
School,teacher, studying 71%
Sexual experiences 66%
Arriving late 64%
Eating 62%
A loved person dying 57%
Being locked up 56%

60. Have you ever dreamed of…..?
Finding money 56%
Swimming 52%
Snakes 49%
Being inappropriately dressed 46%
Unable to breathe 44%
Being nude 43%
Fire 41%
Failing an Exam 39%
Killing Someone 26%

61. Hypnosis

62. Hypnosis
Hypnosis- a social interaction in which one person ( the hypnotist) suggests to another ( the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will occur

63. Can anyone Experience Hypnosis?
It depends on the subject’s openness to suggestion

64. Can Hypnosis Enhance Recall of Forgotten Events?
Hypnosis does not help us recover “accurate memories as far back as birth”
Highly hypnotizable ppl are especially venerable to false memory suggestions

65. Can hypnosis force ppl to act against their will?
An authoritative person in a legitimate context can induce ppl- hypnotized or not- to perform some unlikely acts

66. Can Hypnosis Alleviate Pain
YES
10% of us can become so deeply hypnotized that even major surgery can be performed without anesthesia
Dissociation- a split between levels of consciousness.
Dissociate the sensation of the pain from the emotional suffering
Selective Attention

67. Is Hypnosis an Altered State of Consciousness
Hypnosis as a social phenomenon
Behaviors produced through hypnotic procedures can also be produced without them
PPl. do what is expected of them

68. Unhypnotized persons can also do this

69. Is Hypnosis an Altered State of Consciousness
Hypnosis As A Divided Consciousness
Explains hypnosis not as a unique “trance state” where the “subconscious” is under control by the hypnotist but rather as a split in awareness caused by the “subjective experience of hypnosis.”
Hilgard’s Experiment

70. Perspectives On Dissociation

71. Hilgard’s Hidden Observer
Hidden Observer: describes hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis.
Is a part of the person that has the experience.

72. Hypnosis Concepts: Can Hypnosis Have an Effect After The Session?
Posthypnotic Amnesia: supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion. “You will no longer remember anything you experienced today.”
Posthypnotic Suggestion: a suggestion made during a hypnosis session that will be carried out after hypnosis session is over. “You will no longer feel the need to smoke after this session is over.”

73. Near Death Experiences

74. Near Death Experiences
Near Death Experiences: an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death.

75. Dualism
Dualism: argues that the mind and body are two distinct entities that interact. The “mind” is nonphysical and can exist apart from the physical body.
Was put forth by many philosophers including Renee Descartes and Socrates.

76. Monism (Materialism)
Monism argues that the mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.
Mind and body cannot be separated without bodies we are nobodies.
Thomas Hobbes along with many philosophers and scientists support this viewpoint.

77. How Would Dualists vs. Monists explain “Near Death Experiences?”