1. I. Jefferson’s foreign policy problems
Jefferson won re-election by a landslide (without Burr); D-R grew as the nation grew.
Both Britain and France attacked U.S. ships , impressing sailors into military service.

2. Embargo Act
Jefferson got Congress to pass the Embargo Act, outlawing trade with almost all European countries.
Hurt only U.S.; NE smuggled to the British; Jefferson lost popularity

3. Native options Early 1800s - 4 native options: 1. accept white culture
2. blend native/white culture
3. return to rel. tradition (the Prophet/Prophettown)
4. fight (Tecumseh)

4. Match ‘em Jefferson’s victory Impressment Embargo act Smuggling
The Prophet
Tecumseh
Fight the whites
Return to religious traditions
Kidnapping sailors
Western support from Louisiana Purchase

5. II. War of 1812 causes
Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811; William Henry Harrison fought at Prophetstown, burned it later.
Cause 1: Natives increased attacks, armed by British? War Hawks Clay (Ky) and Calhoun (SC) angry.

6. Cause 2: impressment
Impressment – British ships stopped American ships and impressed sailors into military service in British navy.
Most famous: the Chesapeake; 1807.

7. American problems, successes
Smaller army and navy, angry Native Americans.
U.S. attacked Canada and lost.
William Henry Harrison defeated British and Natives (killing Tecumseh) at Battle of the Thames

8. review Name 2 causes of the War of 1812.
What was the most famous impressed ship.
What disadvantages did the U.S. have?
Where did the U.S. unsuccessfully invade?
Who was the hero of Tippecanoe, and who died there?

9. III. End of war
Superior British navy blockaded coast; attacked Washington D.C. after war with Napoleon ended
British burned capital, Madison/Dolly Madison fled

10. American heroes
British attacked Ft. McHenry at Baltimore next; Francis Scott Key witnessed its successful defense, wrote Star-Spangled Banner.
Andrew Jackson won Battle of Horseshoe Bend against Creeks in Alabama

11. War ends in stalemate
Treaty of Ghent – boundaries restored, no promises on impressment, no winner
Battle of New Orleans – Jackson, Americans, pirates, and free African-Americans defeated British in less than an hour.

12. Match ‘em Washington D.C. Blockade Jackson Francis Scott Key
Fort McHenry
Treaty of Ghent
New Orleans
Burned
No winner or promises on impressment
Horseshoe Bend

13. I. President Monroe
Hartford Convention – Federalists wanted more NE influence, considered secession
Federalists died as party; Monroe elected 1816 (4th Va Pres) – Era of Good Feelings - 1 party, nationalism, ec. boom

14. American System – Henry Clay
Banking System/2nd Bank of U.S., loans to industry
Protective tariff – help U.S. industry, pay for
Internal (transportation) improvements – National Road/Cumberland Highway, canals to transport the goods

15. challenges
Panic of 1819 – London banks called in loans; American banks, Americans ruin.
Missouri Compromise – 11 free states, 11 slave states; Missouri wanted admission as slave state; negotiated by Henry Clay

16. solution
Maine admitted as free state to keep Senate balance (northern House advantage), 36’30 line drawn in Louisiana Territory.
Monroe Doctrine – 1823, Latin American countries independent; no more European colonization in W. Hemisphere

17. Review – match ‘em Hartford Convention Era of Good Feelings
Panic of 1819
Missouri Compromise
Monroe Doctrine
American System
No more colonies
No slavery above line
2nd Bank of U.S., protective tariff, internal improvements
Bank loans called in
NE Federalists made themselves irrelevant
One party, prosperity, nationalism

18. II. More nationalism
Chief Justice Marshall strengthened the Supreme Court and the national government with his decisions.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – Maryland can’t tax the National Bank – Supremacy Clause, necessary and proper clause/implied powers

19. More decisions
Dartmouth College v. Woodward – Daniel Webster protected Dartmouth’s charter from New Hampshire
Gibbons v. Ogden – Gibbons’ coastal license outweighs Ogden’s NY steamboat license.

20. Setting national boundaries
Convention/Treaty of 1818 – set boundary with Canada at 49 degrees north.
Adams – Onis Treaty (1819) – got Florida from Spain (Thanks to Andrew Jackson) and set border with Spain

21. Review – match ‘em Adams-Onis Convention of 1818 McCulloch v. Maryland
Gibbons v. Ogden
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
John Marshall
Nationalist Chief Justice
Set border with Canada
Got Florida, set Spanish border
New Hampshire can’t mess with college charter
National steamboat license stronger then NY license
State can’t tax national bank

22. I. Election of 1824
Democratic-Republican splintering, no conventions: 4 Republicans running: Jackson, Adams, Crawford, Clay.
Jackson got the most votes but no majority, so decision went to House of Representatives.

23. Corrupt bargain?
Jackson, Adams, and Crawford were top 3, but Clay was Speaker of the House.
House chose Adams, who shortly named Clay as Secretary of State: charged by Jackson supporters with corrupt bargain.

24. President John Quincy Adams
His National Republican politics were unpopular: national roads, canals, universities, tariff, anti-slavery, pro- Cherokee.
The Tariff of 1828 was particularly seen as “The Tariff of Abominations” by the South

25. review
Turn around and take 1 minute to explain to someone how John Quincy Adams became President, and how his Presidency went.
Then listen to that person tell you the same thing.
See if there is anything either one of you needs to add.

26. II. Jacksonian Democracy
“Old Hickory” Andrew Jackson elected 1828, 1st Democrat, landslide election over JQ Adams.
Jackson, Democrats benefitted from states dropping property requirements for voting; 3 times as many voters; champion of “the common man; “ wild party when inaugurated

27. Spoils system/patronage
To the victor go the spoils” – political winner puts his supporters in office.
Jackson thought any common person could run the government, so why not give jobs to his friends –not as many “patronage” jobs as most think (1/5).

28. Whigs
Jackson vetoed as many bills as 1st 6 Presidents combined; vetoed Maysville Road bill because thought Kentucky should do it.
The Whig party hated “King Andrew” for taking too much power; agreed on little else

29. review What was Jackson’s party?
How was he able to win a landslide in 1828?
What was Jackson’s practice of giving jobs to political supporters called? This seems corrupt today – why’d he do it?
What party was the Jackson haters? Why the name?
What did Whigs believe?

30. III. Jackson and the Trail of Tears
5 civilized tribes – Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole, tried hard to assimilate into American society.
Cherokee especially; Chief Vann owned slaves, Sequoyah developed alphabet

31. Georgia
Farmers wanted Cherokee land for growing; gold discovered in Dahlonega.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia – Marshall ruled Cherokee were “domestic dependent nation” and couldn’t sue

32. Trail of Tears
Indian Removal Act 1830 – tribes had to move out west; Cherokee sued in Worcester v. Georgia and won: “Marshall has made his decision; let him enforce it.”
Trail of Tears – Georgia to Oklahoma, ¼ (old and children) died along the way; Cherokee had to pay for the armed accompaniment.

33. review What were the 5 civilized tribes? Who tried the hardest? How?
What was discovered in Dahlonega?
Explain ruling in Cherokee Nation v. Ga.
Explain ruling in Worcester v. Georgia.
What law said the Indians had to go? Where?
Who and how many died on the Trail of Tears?
What did the Cherokee have to pay for?

34. IV. Jacksonian policies
Jackson was called a bigamist in 1828 for having married Rachel before here divorce was final; she died during lame duck period.
Never forgave enemies; later fired his Cabinet for being snobs to Peggy Easton, wife of Secretary of War; relied on informal “Kitchen Cabinet.”

35. Nullification Crisis
The South hated the Tariff of 1828 – “tariff of abominations” – and nullified the Tariff of 1832.
VP Calhoun, SC, and South threatened to secede if tariff wasn’t ended – states’ rights;
Calhoun at Jefferson Day: “the union.. Next to our liberty most dear.”
Jackson: “our federal union. It must be preserved.”

36. Clay ends the crisis
Calhoun v. Jackson, who threatens to send army South to enforce tariff and hang Calhoun– Enforcement Acts
Clay’s Compromise of 1833: South agrees to pay lower tariff; nullified Enforcement Acts

37. Match ‘em Bigamy charge Tariff of abominations Nullification crisis
Calhoun’s threat
Jackson’s threat
Henry Clay
South threatened nullification
Civil War
Country almost goes to war over the Tariff
Compromise of 1833: South pays lower tariff.
South would secede
Killed Rachel

38. I. Jackson and the Bank War
Whigs sent recharter of 2nd Bank of U.S. to Congress 4 years early, 1832, prior to Pres. Election.
Jackson hated Clay, vetoed the Bank on behalf of the people, and defeated Clay for President in 1832

39. Pet banks
Jackson replaced the Bank of the United States with state banks, or wildcat banks, or pet banks, run by Jackson supporters.
These banks loaned paper money to land speculators, causing inflation

40. Panic of 1837
Specie Circular – loans had to be in gold/silver; suddenly no money flowing , caused Panic of 1837
Jackson’s fault, but his successor Martin Van Buren paid the price for it.

41. review Why didn’t Jackson like the 2nd Bank of the U.S.?
Who was the President of the 2nd Bank of the U.S.?
What did Jackson replace the Bank of U.S. with?
Who ran the pet banks?
What happened to the pet banks? How did this affect the economy?

42. II. Life in the Age of Jackson
Population doubled (biggest cities – NY, New Orleans, Chicago) and moved west during Jacksonian Era.
Ecology (beaver, otter, buffalo) decimated; Yellowstone Park created by first conservationist (environmentalist), George Catlin

43. 35 million immigrants to U.S.
Irish farmers fed Europe during Napoleonic Era, starved due to potato famine after
Young men took labor jobs; nativism – immigrants resented for wages and Catholicism, struggled (“paddy wagons”) then flourished through machine politics.

44. German immigrants
Push factors: failed farms or failed revolution in 1848.
Better educated Germans settled Pennsylvania, west in Wisconsin/Texas; contributed Conestaga wagon, Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree, kindergarten (children’s music), abolition, Lutheran drinking on Sunday

45. Nativist cartoons

46. Nativism over the years

47. review What were the three biggest cities? How was ecology damaged
Who created what national park?
What were the push factors for the Irish?
How did the Irish fare?
What were the push factors for the Germans?
Where did Germans settle?
What contributions did Germans make to American culture?

48. III. industry
U.S. industrialization slow: cheap land, scarce labor, hard to compete with Britain.
Samuel Slater brought factory system from England to U.S 1791; Whitney’s cotton gin 1793 made slavery profitable 5000% increase – “King Cotton.”

49. factories
Whitney also developed interchangeable parts: caused and won Civil War.
New England factories: rocky soil, dense population, shipping and seaports; tariff to help compete with Britain

50. labor Long hours, low wages, 10 hour days came with suffrage;
Children, women (Lowell system), and Irish immigrants; $5 a week
cult of domesticity upon marriage – moral education

51. inventions McCormick Morse Howe and Singer John Deere Steel plow
Reaper
Sewing machine
Telegraph

52. review Slow industry Slater Whitney New England Lowell, Mass
Cult of domesticity
5000% increase
Rocky soil, dense population, shipping and seaports
Women’s important role in home
Women’s factory
Cheap land, scarce labor, tough competition
Interchangeable parts

53. I. transportation
Overcoming states’ righters, National Highway completed 1852; turnpikes made money
Steamboats – Fulton’s Clermont went up Mississippi; Clippers went across Atlantic

54. Canals and railroads
1825 Erie Canal linked Atlantic Ocean and Hudson River to Great Lakes; more transported through Buffalo than New Orleans
Railroads cheaper, didn’t freeze in winter, 1st 1828, 30,000 miles by 1860

55. Regional integration
Out west stagecoaches, pony express from St. Joseph Missouri to Sacramento, lasted 18 months
South – cotton; west – grains and livestock; East – machines and textiles; all linked

56. review What did the National Highway have to overcome to be built?
1st steamboat – who/what?
What ships went quickly across Atlantic?
What did the Erie Canal link?
Name 2 advantages of railroads over canals.
Name 2 forms of western transportation.
What economic role did each region play?

57. II. Reform movements - 2nd Great Awakening
Age of Jackson (1830s) response to Deism, rationalism - Revivals once again spreading across the country.
Teachings: anyone can be saved; inspired many abolitionists, other reformers

58. Leaders of 2nd Great Awakening
Charles Finney, Peter Cartwright – traveling preachers, tent revivals, common man religion, women reformers
Baptist and Methodists grew in South; split from northern denominations

59. Mormons/Latter Day Saints
Mormon church founded in New York by Joseph Smith, killed in Illinois.
Brigham Young led Mormons to Utah, where Mormons settled and flourished; polygamy delayed statehood

60. review
Draw a diagram of the Second Great Awakening. Try to answer the questions who what when where why?

61. III. Women’s rights
Rebelled against “cult of domesticity” –couldn’t vote, own property if married, could be legally beaten like slaves
Amelia Bloomer short skirt with pants – bloomers – in rebellion to unhealthy corsets and dresses

62. leaders
Elizabeth Katy Stanton – mother of 7, Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott (SAM) - Quaker influence
Seneca Falls Convention 1848; Declaration of Sentiments – “all men and women are created equal; call for suffrage

63. temperance
Women’s groups initially called for moderate use of alcohol.
Grew into calls for Prohibition; Maine law, drinking decreased

64. review What basic rights did women lack?
Who rebelled against women’s dress?
Who were the top 3 leaders of the women’s rights movement?
What meeting/document/issue in 1848?
What was temperance? How successful?

65. I. Literature
Transcendentalists – Emerson and Thoreau; Whitman - we’re all connected by the Oversoul; skepticism of authority
Emerson – Self-Reliance; Thoreau – Walden; Whitman’s poems

66. Effect of Thoreau
On The Duty of Civil Disobedience – Thoreau jailed in protest of the Mexican War.
Louisa May Alcott – Little Women

67. Other writers Washington Irving – “Legend of Sleepy Hollow”
Hawthorne – Scarlett Letter
James Fennimore Cooper – Last of the Mohicans

68. Darker writers
Edgar Allen Poe – “The Raven,” “Fall of the House of Usher”
Herman Melville – Moby Dick - obsession

69. Match the writer Whitman Emerson Thoreau Melville Hawthorne Poe Irving
Cooper
Alcott
The Raven
Self-Reliance
Moby Dick
The Scarlett Letter
Little Women
Leaves of Grass
Legend of Sleepy Hollow
Walden
Last of the Mohicans

70. II. Other reformers
Nativism – fear of immigrants – taking jobs, lowering wages, too Catholic and unassimilated
Know-Nothing Party – secret nativist political party – “I know nothing”

71. Individual reformers
Horace Mann – Father of public education; Superintendent of Massachusetts schools
Dorothea Dix – humane treatment of the mentally ill, who had been kept in prison and worse

72. review What was the fear of immigrants called?
What political party did they form?
What man was the “Father of public education?” Where was he from?
Who worked on behalf of the mentally ill?

73. III. Utopian communities
Utopian communities were supposedly ideal societies, more communal in nature
New Harmony Indiana- Robert Owen – didn’t work for lack of cooperation

74. Others
Brook Farm, Massachussetts – a transcendentalist community; ruined by fire and debt.
Shakers (1770s–1940) – Quaker offshoot community with no sex or marriage; ruined by lack of procreation; danced in church

75. Oneida Founder Noyes – duty to God is to be happy.
Share everything including lovers; survived by making steel animal traps, then silverware.

76. Match ‘em Utopia Oneida Shakers New Harmony Brook Farm No procreation
Fire and debt ruined it
No cooperation
Free love and silverware
Perfect place/ideal society

77. IV. Cotton and slavery
“King Cotton” accounted for half of U.S. exports after 1840.
Britain’s top export was cotton cloth, got 75% of fiber from the South; would help in a war?

78. Planters
Southern oligarchy – rule of rich; only 1733 families owned more than 100 slaves.
Planter kids went to fine schools (Calhoun to Yale), served the public, and admired Sir Walter Scott’s stories of chivalry.

79. Most whites Slavery problems: 1. Cotton ruined land; people moved N&W.
2. One crop economy: debt, dependence on North
3. Small slaveowners and nonslaveowners (75%) struggled.

80. review
In groups of 3-4, make a pyramid diagram of the Southern economy and white South.

81. I. Slavery
4 million slaves by 1860; most on plantations; “Black Belt” form SC to Louisiana.
Slave trade outlawed 1808; most white slaveowners owned 10 or less

82. Treatment varied House servants>field hands;
Whipping, collars; $2,000 investment, Christian duty.
Most slaves lived in intact families; slave auctions most cruel parts of American slavery – “sell down the river.”

83. Slave life
Slave Christianity focused on Exodus; escape of God’s children from Egypt.
Disobedience took the form of slow work, breaking tools, feigning illness, poisoning food, and escaping.

84. review How many slaves? Where? What punishments? How often and why?
What was the importance of slave auctions?
What role did Christianity play?
How did slaves disobey?

85. II. African-American roles
250,000 free African-Americans in South – vulnerable in South; couldn’t vote or attend school in North.
Slaves who performed well could become overseers and drivers, sometimes some of the cruelest to other slaves.

86. Slave rebellions Stono Rebellion 1733
Gabriel Prosser 1800, Richmond Virginia
Denmark Vesey – free black, Charleston, 1822
Nat Turner 1830 – slave preacher, Virginia

87. Slave codes After Nat Turner, Slave codes – no: 1. education 2. guns
3. slave preachers,
4. night meetings
5.time off plantation without a pass.

88. Review – match ‘em Free blacks Stono Rebellion Gabriel Prosser
Denmark Vesey
Nat Turner
Led by free African-American
Slave preacher
South Carolina 1733
Richmond, Virginia 1800
Vulnerable in South, few rights in north

89. III. Abolitionists
Abolitionism – opposition to slavery, arising from Quakers and Second Great Awakening.
Early efforts racist – American colonization society; supported Liberia’s creation 1822, Monrovia the capital; 15,000 went but most slaves weren’t African.

90. Religion and abolitionists
Theodore Weld, saved in Burned Over District published American Slavery As it Is.
Lyman Beecher headed Lane Theological Seminary, fathered 3 famous abolitionists including Harriet Beecher Stowe.

91. radicals
1831 William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator: (quote p. 364) “I WILL BE HEARD!” – wanted the north to secede.
Sojourner Truth – speaker (“Ain’t I a woman?”) fought for abolition and women’s rights

92. ID: American colonization society Monrovia, Liberia Theodore Weld
Lyman Beecher
William Lloyd Garrison
Sojourner Truth

93. IV. Abolitionist politics
Frederick Douglass, escaped slave, orator (“stole this body”), published his autobiography in 1845, friend of Lincoln.
Liberty Party 1840, Free Soil Party 1848, Republican Party 1850s opposed the spread of slavery;
abolition unpopular in North, which depended on cotton.

94. South
South began defending slavery as good; abolitionists like the Grimke sisters had to leave.
The Bible and Aristotle supported slavery; slaves portrayed as happy, better off than northern workers or Africans.

95. Freedom to petition?
Gag resolution 1836: all antislavery appeals in House of Reps had to be tabled without debate; defeated by Rep. John Quincy Adams.
Southern postmasters arrested if they didn’t destroy abolitionist mail.

96. review Tell about Frederick Douglass.
ID 3 antislavery parties and describe their position on slavery.
How did the South defend slavery?
How did the South clamp down on free expression?

97. I. Presidential Politics
Van Buren ran in 1840 against William Henry Harrison, aging hero of Battle of Tippecanoe.
Whigs chose Harrison – “Log Cabin/hard cider, Tippecanoe and Tyler too” – narrowly won.

98. Meanwhile in Texas…
Texas was part of Mexico, who invited Americans to come settle.
Pres. Santa Anna demanded new Texans convert to Catholicism and renounce slavery; refused by Stephen F. Austin

99. Remember the Alamo!
Santa Anna killed nearly 200 Texas, including Jim Bowie, Davie Crockett, and William Barrett Travis.
After a similar massacre at Goliad, Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto, winning independence for the Republic of Texas 1836.

100. review Make a 3 step sequence chart of the campaign of 1840.
Make a 4 step sequence chart of the creation of the Republic of Texas.

101. II. Meanwhile back in Washington…
President Harrison, stressed from office seekers and long speech, died of pneumonia within a month.
Tyler vetoe’d Clay’s bank, didn’t support Whigs’ nationalism; kicked out of his own party.

102. Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny – belief that U.S. should spread its government and way of life to Pacific.
Believers wanted U.S. to annex Texas, take over California and Oregon.

103. Election of 1844
Dark Horse James Polk (D), promising to annex Texas and using the slogan “54’40 or fight,” defeated Clay (W) in 1844.
Tyler annexed Texas during the lame duck period.

104. review Describe the Harrison/Tyler presidency.
What was Manifest Destiny? What land did its supporters want?
What did Polk promise when he ran for President? Whom did he defeat?
What did Tyler do during the lame duck period?

105. III. Tensions for Polk Tensions with Britain: 1. debt
2. snobs toward common man.
3. U.S. aid for Canada uprising
4. border dispute concerning Maine
5. joint ownership of Oregon Territory

106. Diffusing tensions
Maine border set; Polk settled for ownership of Oregon border up to 49 degrees north.
Polk would have had to fight a two-front war with Mexico and Britain to get

107. California and Texas
With Britain showing interest in acquiring California from Mexico, Polk sent John Slidell to offer $25 million for it.
Dispute over Texas border: Mexico said it was Nueces; U.S. said it was Rio Grande.

108. review List 5 tensions between U.S. and Britain.
How was the Oregon question settled?
Why was Polk flexible on Oregon?
Why was Polk worried about California? How much did he offer for it?
What was the dispute concerning Texas?

109. IV. War with Mexico
Polk sent Zachary Taylor (to become 12th President) into the disputed territory with troops.
When Mexico attacked, Polk asked Congress for war declaration: American blood had been shed on American soil.

110. Mexican-American War, 1846-1848
Anti-War Whigs protested; Lincoln introduced “spot resolution:” show the spot where American blood was shed.
“Old Rough and Ready” Zachary Taylor defeated a numerically superior Mexican army at Buena Vista, but couldn’t get to Mexico City.

111. Ending the war
“Old Fuss and Feathers” Winfield Scott landed at Vera Cruz and fought his way to Mexico City.
Nicholas Trist negotiated Treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo: U.S. got half of Mexico, more territory than La. Purchase, for $15 million.
38-14 Senate vote; some wanted all of Mexico and some wanted none.

112. review Name the 2 war heroes, their nicknames, and where they fought.
What Treaty ended the War? Who negotiated it?
How much did the U.S. get? How much did we pay?
Who was unsatisfied?

113. II. Reform movements Abolitionism – effort to end slavery
Frederick Douglass – speechmaker, former slave (nobody believed it) “I stole this body”
Sojourner Truth – fought for abolition and women’s rights

114. More abolitionists
William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator – Massachussetts newspaper editor: “I will not retreat a single inch and I will be heard.”
Harriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Cabin – Lincoln: “You’re the little lady who started this war”

115. ladies Harriet Tubman – conductor on Underground Railroad
Grimke sisters – South Carolina abolitionists who appealed to Southern Christianity; had to leave the South

116. review Abolitionism Frederick Douglass Sojourner Truth
William Lloyd Garrison
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harriet Tubman
Sarah and Angelina Grimke
Effort to end slavery
SC sisters had to move
Underground railroad
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
The Liberator
Speechmaker, former slave, friend of Lincoln
Speechmaker, women’s rights advocate

117. Utopian communities Set up perfect societies New Harmony Brook Farm
Oneida
Shakers
Usually didn’t last very long because perfection was difficult