1. Chapter 24 Charting A Course
American Civics
4/20/2017
Chapter 24 Charting A Course
Section 1: Development of U.S. Foreign Policy
Section 2: The Cold War
Section 3: New Trends
Chapter 24

2. Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy
The Main Idea
For many years, U.S. leaders shaped foreign policy to avoid involvement in the affairs of other countries. As times changed and the United States became more closely tied to other countries, the nation became more involved in world affairs.
Reading Focus
Why did the United States find it difficult to maintain a policy of isolationism in its early years?
What impact did the Monroe Doctrine and the Good Neighbor policy have on U.S. international relations?
How did World War I and World War II end U.S. isolationism?

3. Reasons for Isolationism
Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy
Reasons for Isolationism
Early years—the country was in debt and struggling to build an economy
Early leaders tried to concentrate on the country’s development and avoided foreign affairs.
Border disputes with Canada and Spain blocked expansion and threatened trade.

4. U.S. International Relations
Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy
U.S. International Relations
War of 1812—improved relations with Great Britain, British Canada, and other foreign nations; 100-year period of isolationism followed
The Monroe Doctrine (1823)—set course of U.S. relations with Latin America and Europe; declared Americas closed to colonization

5. U.S. International Relations (continued)
Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy
U.S. International Relations (continued)
Roosevelt Corollary (1905)—United States would police the Western Hemisphere; dollar diplomacy developed
The Good Neighbor Policy (1933)—opposed armed intervention in Latin America by the United States

6. Wars End Isolationism:
Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy
Wars End Isolationism:
World War I—German submarines sank U.S. merchant ships, ending U.S. neutrality
World War II—United States became the “arsenal of democracy”
December 7, 1941—Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor and shattered U.S. neutrality; U.S. declared war on Japan
Germany and Italy declared war on the United States

7. United States declares the Americas closed to future colonization.
SECTION 1
Question: What are some results of U.S. international relations?
U.S. Foreign Policy
BEFORE
President Monroe worries that European powers will try to control Latin America.
AFTER
United States warns that it will treat any interference in Latin America as an unfriendly act.
United States declares the Americas closed to future colonization.
Monroe Doctrine

8. Question: What are some results of U.S. international relations?
SECTION 1
Question: What are some results of U.S. international relations?
U.S. Foreign Policy
United States is threatened by British in Canada.
United States ships are seized by British and French.
BEFORE
United States earns the respect of European nations.
United States makes peace with England.
United States signs the Rush-Bagot Treaty with Canada in 1817.
United States is free to deal with domestic issues.
AFTER
War of 1812

9. United States acts as the police force of the Western Hemisphere.
SECTION 1
Question: What are some results of U.S. international relations?
U.S. Foreign Policy
BEFORE
United States protects its investments in Latin America through dollar diplomacy.
United States acts as the police force of the Western Hemisphere.
AFTER
Monroe Doctrine no longer justifies U.S. interference in Latin America.
United States emphasizes friendly agreements between United States and Latin American countries.
Good Neighbor Policy

10. Section 2: The Cold War The Main Idea
The United States and the Soviet Union worked together during World War II, but the two nations became rivals soon after the war ended. Their political rivalry turned into a competition for global power that became known as the Cold War.
Reading Focus
What were the causes of the Cold War?
How did the United States use its containment policy to respond to the Berlin blockade, the Cuban missile crisis, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War?
What events marked the end of the Cold War?

11. The Cold War and early U.S. response:
Section 2: The Cold War
The Cold War and early U.S. response:
After World War II, Russia established communist satellite nations throughout Eastern Europe and tried to increase power to eastern Mediterranean and Southwest Asia.
The United States sees Soviet expansion as threat to national security and world peace.

12. The Cold War and early U.S. response: (continued)
Section 2: The Cold War
The Cold War and early U.S. response: (continued)
The United States and the Soviet Union use propaganda, spying, alliances, foreign aid, and other methods against each other.
March 1947—The Truman Doctrine begins policy of containment: financial aid to keep communism from spreading.

13. U.S. response to the Berlin blockade and the Cuban missile crisis:
Section 2: The Cold War
U.S. response to the Berlin blockade and the Cuban missile crisis:
The Berlin blockade—the United States and Great Britain airlift food, clothing, and essential items to the people of western Berlin
Cuban missile crisis—the U.S. Navy and Air Force search foreign ships bound for Cuba for weapons; army troops are put on alert
Show of force in the Cuban missile crisis underscores the dangers of the Cold War

14. Marking the end of the Cold War:
Section 2: The Cold War
Marking the end of the Cold War:
1987—Gorbechev’s reforms: glasnost and perestroika give Soviet people more freedom and restructure the failing economy; détente lessens tensions with the United States
1990—Communist governments fall in six Eastern European countries.
1990—Prodemocracy candidates win local Soviet elections.

15. Marking the end of the Cold War: (continued)
Section 2: The Cold War
Marking the end of the Cold War: (continued)
Soviet republics rally for independence.
1991—Soviet Union ceases to exist; the Commonwealth of Independent States forms.
Cold War ends with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the fall of communism in Eastern Europe.

16. SECTION 2
Question: How did the U.S. response to the Berlin blockade differ from the Cuban missile crisis?
Berlin Blockade
Cuban Missile Crisis
United States demands immediate removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba.
United States threatens military response.
Navy and air force find and search all ships heading for Cuba.
U.S. Army is put on alert.
United States & Great Britain begin a massive airlift of fuel, food, clothing, and other vital items.
Plans from the United States and Great Britain make more than 250,000 flights.
Results
Results
Soviet Union ends blockade.
Soviet Union backs down and removes missiles from Cuba.

17. Section 3: New Trends The Main Idea
A primary goal of U.S. foreign policy has been to promote peace, trade, and friendship throughout the world. In the face of terrorism, war, and ongoing conflict in the Middle East, the United States and other governments have had to take a more aggressive approach to foreign policy in recent years.
Reading Focus
What global conflicts has the United States faced since the end of the Cold War?
What global political problems and trade issues has the United States faced since the end of the Cold War?
What impact has terrorism had on the United States and the rest of the world since the September 11, 2001, attacks?

18. New global challenges:
Section 3: New Trends
New global challenges:
As the only superpower, the United States tries to resolve conflicts and promote stability.
Iraq—Iraq invaded Kuwait leading to the Persian Gulf War; Saddam Hussein remains in power and failed to keep cease-fire terms; relations with the United States remain poor
India and Pakistan—nuclear powers clash over Kashmir

19. New global challenges: (continued)
Section 3: New Trends
New global challenges: (continued)
China—continuing disagreements with the United States on human rights and trade issues
Africa—the spread of AIDS is a major concern
Latin America and Canada—North American Free Trade Agreement shaping relations; War on Drugs

20. September 11, 2001 Section 3: New Trends
Terrorists hijack four airliners, destroy the World Trade Center, and damage the Pentagon.
Thousands of people are killed in the attack.
Osama Bin Laden, leader of the al Qaeda network, surfaces as the prime suspect.
The Taliban regime in Afghanistan is singled out as key sponsor of terrorism.

21. U.S. response to terrorist attacks:
Section 3: New Trends
U.S. response to terrorist attacks:
President George W. Bush declares a war on terror.
President Bush appoints Governor Tom Ridge as head of the Office of Homeland Security.
Colin Powell leads efforts to build an international coalition against terrorism.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization invokes its Article 5 for the first time.
October 7, 2001—The United States and Great Britain begin airstrikes in Afghanistan; ground troops follow.
Fighting terrorism has become central to U.S. foreign policy.

22. SECTION 3
Question: What new challenges has the United States faced since the end of the Cold War?
Some New Global Challenges
AIDS in Africa
terrorism
free trade
United States
nuclear arms in India and Pakistan
war on drugs
conflicts between Israel and Palestinians

23. Chapter 24 Wrap-Up
1. Why did many U.S. officials favor isolationism, and why was this policy difficult to follow?
2. What caused the United States to lose neutrality in the world wars?
3. Why did the United States pursue a policy of containment?
4. What was the U.S. response to the Berlin blockade and the Cuban missile crisis?
5. What new foreign-policy challenges have emerged since the Cold War ended?
6. What actions did the U.S. government take after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001?